澳洲積極賦權實踐之評述—兼論原住民積極賦權在澳洲大學機構之實踐

Review on Practice of Affirmative Action in Australia: Also on the Implementation of Aboriginal Affirmative Action in Australia's Universities

10.29910/TJIS.200903.0003

范盛保(Lloyd Sheng-Pao Fan)

積極賦權 ； 正向歧視 ； 多元管理（第二代積極賦權） ； 卡賓報告 ； affirmative action ； positive discrimination ； managing diversity ； Karpin Report

台灣原住民族研究季刊

2卷1期（2009 / 03 / 01）

75 - 94

繁體中文

積極賦權所採取的主要觀點，是去克服因以往社會所存在的歧視，導致某特定人群（婦女、少數民族、弱勢族群）在某些方面（教育、就業）與其他主流群體相比處於劣勢，而需要積極的方式對其提供幫助，使這特定人群在社會上與其他群體相競爭時能夠享有較為特殊的機會。19世紀初的澳洲實施白澳政策，歧視非白人，過往歷史又因性別、種族歧視等因素衍生工作機會不平等，或是同工不同酬等現象。1970年代開始，澳洲訂定法律，宣告過往的歧視違法，以逐步邁向平等，各類反歧視法諸如「種族岐視法」、「性別歧視法」以及「障礙歧視法」均由聯邦立法通過。1987 年澳洲正式為女性積極賦權訂立了「就業機會平等法」。到了九十年代，澳洲提出「工作與家庭平衡」的概念，試圖倡導兩性應各自在工作與家庭間尋求平衡的角色。另一個衍生的概念是第二代積極賦權，關注如何在多元文化下進行多元管理。特別是佔澳洲人口約2.5％（或約517,000人）的原住民，傳承著200種以上的語言。究竟澳洲如何將第二代積極賦權，延伸至原住民於大學機構的就業，並引此結合大學、社區及原住民三方資源，充實澳洲的多元文化是本論文最後要探討的議題。

Affirmative Action aims to overcome a history of exclusion and discrimination against a group of people (female, racial minority and disadvantaged group) in certain aspects (education and employment). It provides a wide range of proactive measures and positive steps to enhance opportunities for those people in a competitive society. Due to the White Australian Policy in the beginning of 19th century and Australia's historical discrimination based on gender and race, unequal employment opportunity and unequal pay for equal work have been common before the 1970s. After that, anti-discrimination acts such as Racial Discrimination Act, Sex Discrimination and Disability Discrimination Act have been entered into force by the Federal Government toward equal opportunity. Affirmative Action has been applied to female when the Equal Opportunity Act has been passed by the Parliament in 1987.The concept of ”Balancing Work and Family” has been introduced in the 1990, followed by the concept of ”Second Generation of Affirmative Action” which focusing on diversity management in a world of multiculturalism. The target group is Australian indigenous people, accounting for 2.5% (or around 517,000 people) of the total population, inherited with more than 200 different languages. How does Australian government extend their efforts to the indigenous people employment in the universities based on the principle of ”Second Generation of Affirmative Action?” Particularly when these universities' policies help enrich cultural diversity in Australia by integrating resources from universities, communities and indigenous people.

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