頭顱、除喪和「穢」－南王卑南族「大獵祭」在當代「獵人頭」研究中的想像與論述

Headhunting, Mourning, and Defilement: The Imagination and Reconstruction of Mangayau Ritual [Puyuma, Taiwan] in the Contemporary Study of Headhunting

10.29910/TJIS.200912.0003

林徐達(Hsu-Ta Lin)

獵人頭 ； 喪慟 ； 集體性 ； 「穢」 ； headhunting ； mourning ； collectivity ； defilement

台灣原住民族研究季刊

2卷4期（2009 / 12 / 01）

63 - 85

繁體中文

本文試圖將台東卑南族南王聚落的「大獵祭」活動在當代「獵人頭」研究的論述中，就歷史文獻、田野資料和理論應用等方面省視其中可能意含。首先就「土著為何要『獵人頭』？」所涉及多項民族誌解釋，與日籍文獻上有關台灣原住民的「出草」作一對照閱讀，包括「頭顱」象徵應用和想像、「文化／歷史的驅使力量」。於是「獵人頭」（以及「大獵祭」）行動一方面藉由儀式中所吟唱的歌調維持其歷史遺產，另一方面其行動自身正是作為部落集體的服喪經驗之終結，探究喪家如何在死亡儀式活動中處理失去親人的哀慟。最後，本文就傅科的權力關係之論述應用於「獵人頭」研究上，試圖回答喪家在服喪期間的身體如何被對待以及喪家的「穢」等具機制化的社會禁忌。

The meaning of headhunting in contemporary studies is often either as a means to and thus given within the understanding of warfare, masculinity and fertility, or as a rite of passage for lived experiences. The practice of mangayau has ironically been transformed from a ritual following the taking of heads, to that of a death ritual to comfort their Puyuma's own mourning families. The socio-cultural meaning of mangayau will be relocated with consideration to mourning and social practices. This paper deliberates the imagination and reconstruction of mangayau, drawing on the fieldwork, and other contemporary ethnographies of headhunting rituals. Recent studies of headhunting practice provide alternative discussions of emotion. Previous ethnographic interpretations held that grief or turbulent emotions motivate the ultimate catharsis-headhunting violence. Contemporary anthropologists describe how rage-in-bereavement could impel men to headhunt as an expression of a unique emotional ”cultural force” and explain how ritual singing and lyric play occupy a significant role in headhunting ceremonies and in representing the ”historical forces” that shape a communal memory. Lastly, through exercise in Foucauldian power relations, this essay attempts to answer how the bodies of mourners are treated, and how social taboo as well as male/female pollution contribute to the institutionalization of headhunting ritual.

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