题名

董事及高階管理者超額薪酬對員工薪酬之影響︰執行長權力調節效果之探討

并列篇名

The Impact of Excess Director and Top Manager Compensation on Employee Pay: The Moderating Effect of CEO Power

作者

汪進揚(Jinn-Yang Uang);王妤如(Yu-Ju Wang)

关键词

董事 ; 高階管理者 ; 員工 ; 超額薪酬 ; 執行長權力 ; Director ; Top manager ; Employee ; Excess compensation ; CEO power

期刊名称

會計學報

卷期/出版年月

8卷2期(2021 / 11 / 01)

页次

35 - 69

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

高階管理者與員工薪酬關係為各界關心之議題,而許多研究以相對薪酬比值探討垂直薪酬公平性,忽略高階管理者對企業貢獻差異。為了改善此衡量問題,本研究引入超額薪酬概念,探討董事及高階管理者超額薪與員工薪酬之關聯性。此外,由於執行長為企業核心人物,其如何運用權力為文獻關心之議題,因此本研究延伸探討執行長權力對員工薪酬政策之影響。實證結果顯示,高階管理者超額薪酬對員工薪酬具有正向影響,表示員工薪酬對高階管理者超額薪酬有敏感度。執行長結構權力對員工薪酬呈負向影響,顯示執行長結構權力對員工薪酬成長有抑制作用,呼應議價理論觀點。本研究也發現,CEO權力對‘高階管理者超額薪酬與員工薪酬關係’以及‘董事超額薪酬與員工薪酬關係’有相反方向之調節效果。

英文摘要

Pay fairness between top managers and employees has long been of major concern to the public; however, past studies ignore top managers' differing contribution to their firms when addressing cross-company pay fairness by using CEO pay ratios. To resolve this issue, we introduce the concept of excess compensation into this domain and explore the impact of excess director and top manager compensation on employee pay. To help gain insight into how the CEO exerts power on company policies, we extend to explore the impact of CEO power on employee pay policies. Our findings indicate that excess top manager compensation is positively associated with employee pay, suggesting that employee pay is sensitive to excess top manager compensation. CEO structural power significantly and negatively affects employee pay, which implies that CEO structural power poses a threat to employee pay raises. This study also demonstrates that CEO power serves as an opposite moderator between excess director compensation and employee pay and between excess top manager compensation and employee pay.

主题分类 社會科學 > 財金及會計學
参考文献
  1. 汪進揚,林慧茹(2021)。薪酬公平性︰員工生產力與控制權偏離之影響。管理學報,38(2),203-230。
    連結:
  2. 陳惠芳(2006)。員工知覺薪酬公平與賦權對組織承諾影響之研究。東吳經濟商學學報,52,235-262。
    連結:
  3. 廖秀梅,李建然,吳祥華(2006)。董事會結構特性與公司績效關係之研究。東吳經濟商學學報,54,117-160。
    連結:
  4. 戴怡蕙,曾智揚,柯承恩(2015)。內部董事超額薪酬和公司未來績效─隱性合約觀點之實證研究。台大管理論叢,25(2),149-180。
    連結:
  5. 戴怡蕙,曾智揚,柯承恩(2015)。內部董事超額薪酬和公司未來績效─隱性合約觀點之實證研究。台大管理論叢,25(2),149-180。
    連結:
  6. World Business Council For Sustainable Development. 2021. https://www.wbcsd.org.
  7. Adams, J. S.(1965).Inequity in social exchange.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,2,267-299.
  8. Agrawal, A.,Knoeber, C.(1996).Firm performance and mechanisms to control agency problems between managers and shareholders.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,31(3),377-397.
  9. Babecky, J.,Caju, P. D.,Kosma, T.,Lawless, M.,Messina, J.,Room, T.(2009).Downward nominal and real wage rigidity survey evidence from European firms.Scandinavian Journal of Economics,112(4),884-910.
  10. Baliga, S.,Moyer, C.,Rao, R.(1996).CEO duality and firm performance: What’s the fuss?.Strategic Management Journal,17(1),41-57.
  11. Bao, M. X.,Cheng, X.,Smith, D.,Tany, P.(2021).CEO pay ratios and financial reporting quality.Global Finance Journal,47,100506.
  12. Bebchuk, L.,Cremers, M.,Peyer, U.(2011).The CEO pay slice.Journal of Financial Economics,102(1),1992-221.
  13. Benedetti, A. H.,Chen, S.(2018).High CEO-to-worker pay ratios negatively impact consumer and employee perceptions of companies.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,79,378-393.
  14. Bierstaker, J. L.,Cohen, J. R.,DeZoort, F. T.,Hermanson, D. R.(2012).Audit committee compensation, fairness, and the resolution of accounting disagreements.Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory,31(2),131-150.
  15. Booth, J.,Cornett, M.,Tehranian, H.(2002).Boards of directors, ownership, and regulation.Journal of Banking and Finance,26,1973-1996.
  16. Brick, I. E.,Palmon, O.,Wald, J. K.(2006).CEO compensation, director compensation, and firm performance: Evidence of cronyism?.Journal of Corporate Finance,12(3),403-423.
  17. Brocht, C. 2000. The forgotten workforce: More than one in 10 federal contractworkers earn less than a living wage. http://www.epi.org/publication/briefingpapers_livwage.
  18. Combs, J. G.,Ketchen, D. J., Jr,Perryman, A. A.,Donahue, M. S.(2007).The moderating effect of CEO power on the board composition-firm performance relationship.Journal of Management Studies,44(8),1299-1323.
  19. Conyon, M. J.,He, L.(2012).CEO compensation and corporate governance in China.Corporate Governance: An international Review,20(6),575-592.
  20. Core, J. E.,Guay, W.,Larcker, D. F.(2008).The power of the pen and executive compensation.Journal of Financial Economics,88(1),1-25.
  21. Core, J. E.,Holthausen, R. W.,Larcker, D. F.(1999).Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance.Journal of Financial Economics,51(3),371-406.
  22. Cronqvist, H.,Heyman, F.,Nilsson, M.,Svaleryd, H.,Vlachos, J.(2009).Do entrenched managers pay their workers more?.The Journal of Finance Economics,64(1),309-339.
  23. Cyert, R. M.,Kumar, P.,Kang, S-K(2002).Corporate governance, takeovers, and top-management compensation: Theory and evidence.Management Science,48,453-469.
  24. Davis, J. H.,Schoorman, F. D.,Donaldson, L.(1997).Toward a stewardship theory of management.Academy of Management Review,22(1),20-47.
  25. Donaldson, L.,Davis, J.(1991).Stewardship theory or agency theory: CEO governance and shareholder returns.Journal of Management,19,49-65.
  26. Drucker, P. F.(1984).Reform executive pay or congress will.The Wall Street JournalApril,24,34.
  27. Ebbes, P.,Papies, D.,van Heerde, H.(2017).Dealing with endogeneity: A nontechnical guide for marketing researchers.Handbook of Market Research,Cham:
  28. Emerson, R. M.(1962).Power-dependence relations.American Sociological Review,27(1),31-41.
  29. Eriksson, T.(1999).Executive compensation and tournament theory: Empirical rests on Danish data.Journal of Labor Economics,17,262-280.
  30. Fahlenbrach, R.(2009).Shareholder rights, boards, and CEO compensation.Review of Finance,13(1),81-113.
  31. Faleye, O.,Reis, E.,Venkateswaran, A.(2013).The determinants and effects of CEO-employee Pay Ratios.Journal of Banking & Finance,37,3258-3272.
  32. Fama, E. F.,Jensen, M. C.(1983).Separation of ownership and control.Journal of Law and Economics,26,301-325.
  33. Finkelstein, S.(1992).Power in top management teams: Dimensions, measurement, and valuation.Academy of Management Journal,35,505-538.
  34. Finkelstein, S.,D’Aveni, R. A.(1994).CEO duality as a double-edged sword: how boards of directors balance entrenchment avoidance and unity of command.Academy of Management Journal,37,1079-1108.
  35. Fong, E. A.(2010).CEO pay fairness as a predictor of stakeholder management.Journal of Business Research,63,404-410.
  36. Grabke-Rundell A.,Gomez-Mejia, L. R.(2002).Power as a determinant of executive compensation.Human Resource Management Review,12,3-23.
  37. Grenness, T.(2011).The impact of national culture on CEO compensation and salary gaps between CEOs and manufacturing workers.Compensation & Benefits Review,43(2),100-108.
  38. Grinstein, Y.,Hribar, P.(2004).CEO compensation and incentives: Evidence from M&A bonuses.Journal of Financial Economics,73(1),119-143.
  39. Hambrick, D. C.,Finkelstein, S.(1995).The effects of ownership structure on conditions at the top: The case of CEO pay raises.Strategic Management Journal,16(3),175-193.
  40. Harrison, J. R.,Torres, D. L.,Kukalis, S.(1988).The changing of the guard: Turnover and structure change in the top management positions.Administrative Science Quarterly,33(1),211-232.
  41. High Pay Centre. 2017. Fat Cat Wednesday 2017. http://highpaycentre.org/blog/fat-cat-wednesday–2017.
  42. Hu, C.,Liu, Y. J.(2015).Valuing diversity: CEOs' career experiences and corporate investment.Journal of Corporate Finance,30,11-31.
  43. Jackson, S.,Lopez, T.,Reitenga, A.(2008).Accounting fundamentals and CEO bonus compensation.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,27(5),374-393.
  44. Jensen, M. C.,Meckling, W. H.(1976).Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure.Journal of Financial Economics,3(4),305-360.
  45. Kabanoff, B.(1991).Equity, equality, power, and conflict.Academy of Management Review,16(2),416-441.
  46. Kalyta. P.,Magna, M.(2008).Executive pensions, disclosure quality, and rent extraction.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,27(2),133-166.
  47. Kiatpongsan, S.,Norton, M. I.(2014).How much (more) should CEOs make? A universal desire for more equal pay.Perspectives on Psychological Science,9(6),587-593.
  48. Lazear, E.,Rosen, S.(1981).Rank-order tournaments as optimum labor contracts.Journal of Political Economy,89(5),841-864.
  49. Lippert, R.,Porter, G.(1997).Understanding CEO pay: A test of two pay-to-performance sensitivity measures with alternative measures of alignment and influence.Journal of Business Research,40,127-138.
  50. Liu, H.,Yin, J.(2011).Executive perquisites, excess compensation, and pay for performance.Journal of The Academy of Business and Economics,11(3),260-268.
  51. Lokin, E.(2019).Making executive compensation less controversial: The rise of pay ratios.Business Law International,20(3),197-215.
  52. Mallette, P.,Fowler, K. L.(1992).Effects of board composition and stock ownership on the adoption of poison pills.Academy of Management Journal,35,1010-1035.
  53. Mcfarlin, D. B.,Sweeney, P. D.(1992).Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes.Academy of Management Journal,35(3),626-637.
  54. Milbourn, T. T(2003).CEO reputation and stock-based compensation.Journal of Financial Economics,68(2),233-262.
  55. Montada, L.,Maes, J.(2016).Justice and self-interest.Handbook of Social Justice Theory and Research,New York, NY:
  56. Mueller, H.,Ouimet, P.,Simintzi, E.(2017).Within-firm pay inequality.Review of Financial Studies,30(10),3605-3635.
  57. Murphy, K. J.,Sandino, T.(2010).Executive pay and independent compensation consultants.Journal of Accounting and Economics,49(3),247-262.
  58. Ntim, C. G.(2012).Director share ownership and corporate performance in South Africa.African Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance,1(4),359-373.
  59. OECD(2015).Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries.
  60. Ozdemir, O.,Upneja, A.(2011).Board structure and CEO compensation: Evidence from U.S. lodging industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(3),856-863.
  61. Pfeffer, J.,Hatano, T.,Santalainen, T.(2005).Producing sustainable competitive advantage through the effective management of people.The Academy of Management Executive,19(4),55-69.
  62. Rashid, A.(2013).CEO duality and agency cost: Evidence from Bangladesh.Journal of Management and Governance,17(4),989-1008.
  63. Rechner, P. L.,Dalton, D. R.(1991).CEO duality and organizational performance: A longitudinal study.Strategic Management Journal,12,155-160.
  64. Rouen, E.(2020).Rethinking measurement of pay disparity and its relation to firm performance.The Accounting Review,95(1),343-378.
  65. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2017. Commission guidance on pay ratio disclosure. https://www.sec.gov/rules/interp/2017/33-10415.pdf.
  66. Shin, T.(2014).Explaining pay disparities between top executives and nonexecutive employees: A relative bargaining power approach.Social Forces,92(4),1339-1372.
  67. Stock, J.,Watson, M. W.(2006).Forecasting with many predictors.Handbook of Economic Forecasting,1,515-554.
  68. Stock, J.,Yogo, M.(2005).Testing for weak instruments in linear IV regression.Andrews DWK identification and inference for econometric models,New York:
  69. Wade, J. B.,O’Reilly, C. A.,Pollock, T. G.(2006).Overpaid CEOs and underpaid managers: Fairness and executive compensation.Organization Science,17(5),527-544.
  70. Weinberger, T. E.(2013).Salary dispersion for lower stratum employees as a predictor of oligarchic salary practices: Do large spreads mask large gaps?.Compensation & Benefits Review,45(2),115-120.
  71. Weir, C.,Laing, D.(2001).Governance structures, director independence and corporate performance in the UK.European Business Review,13,86-94.
  72. Yermack, D.(1996).Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors.Journal of Financial Economics,40,185-211.
  73. Zhang, S.,Li, Y.,Chen, J.(2016).CEO power, CEO age and the policy instrument property of state-owned-enterprises.Frontiers of Business Research in China,10(3),507-524.
  74. 林淑姬,樊景立,吳靜吉,徒達賢(1994)。薪酬公平、程序公正與組織承諾組織公民行為關係之研究。管理評論,13(2),87-108。
  75. 張必武,石金濤(2005)。董事會特徵、高管薪酬與績效敏感度-中國上市公司的經驗分析。管理科學,4,32-39。
  76. 彭淮棟,2016,〈國際勞工組織:歐洲薪資差距大可能助長民族主義〉,http://www.yucc.org.tw/news/foreign/20161216-1。
  77. 彭蕙仙,2017,〈台灣勞動市場的惡性循環〉,《台灣醒報》,八月廿七日,網址:https://anntw.com/articles/20170827-f8VI。
  78. 韓香茗,2016 ,〈紐上市公司 CEO 薪酬漲幅超員工近 3 倍〉,http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/16/5/26/n7931675。
  79. 藍弋丰,2015,〈薪資差距之多少﹖美國十大貧富不均與十大同甘苦公司比一比〉,https://finance.technews.tw/2015/08/30/top-10-companies-where-ceo-pay-vs-employee-pay-ratio-is-lowest。
被引用次数
  1. 梁嘉紋,林芯妤,吳幸蓁(2022)。非擔任主管職務之全時員工薪資與企業揭露員工薪資調整情形之關聯性研究。會計審計論叢,12(2),87-138。