法語教本的圖像分析：文化、再現、身份認同與刻板印象

10.6349/JEL.201106.0053

翁振盛

語言教本 ； 圖像 ； 照片 ； 文化 ； 再現 ； 刻板印象 ； Language Textbook ； Image ； Photo ； Culture ； Representation ； Stereotype

歐洲語文學報

4期（2011 / 06 / 01）

53 - 73

繁體中文

法語教本中，圖像扮演著舉足輕重的角色。考察許多法語教本，我們發現圖片與照片的選擇呈現相當之同質性，沒有太多模稜兩可之處。一如文本，圖像相當程度反映法國生活的面貌，涵蓋日常生活的各個層面與各種活動，舉凡飲食、衣著、交通運輸、居所環境、娛樂、藝術等幾乎無所不包。圖像中顯現的各類文化符碼中，地理符碼與飲食符碼尤其重要。地理符碼包括各式各樣的法國地圖：天氣預報圖、地形圖、行政區域劃分圖、巴黎和其他城市地圖，重要古蹟與景點的照片，如巴黎聖母院、羅浮宮、凱旋門、艾菲爾鐵塔、龐畢度中心等等。飲食符碼則涵蓋麵包坊、咖啡館、餐廳、菜單、菜館、食譜、酒莊、葡萄酒、蔬菜水果等。法語教本中的圖像，尤其是照片，訴諸學習者之熟悉感（「似曾相識」），將法國簡化為容易辨識的符號，進而形塑理想化的法國、法國人、法國風味。這個精緻、美好、浪漫的法國，大致吻合學習者的經驗、知識與想像，有助於其情感認同的形成。文化並不一味是阻隔，但也絕非等同滋養。如何在外語教學中，適切處理文化材料，善用文化符碼，擺脫刻板印象與因襲的看法，不致過度高估或低估他者，或流於「政治正確」，是十分嚴肅的課題。透過外語教本中圖像功能與角色的分析，我們可以重新省思外語教本中之文化傳佈與意識型態建構的聯繫，這也正是本論文的要旨所在。

Learning a foreign language can not be separated from the culture related to this language. Culture usually reveals itself by means of images, which produce, on the learners of language, a positive and negative impact at the same time. French language textbooks are full of all kinds of images. These images reflect the French life style and cover the different dimensions of French life. They are concerned with cultural codes, in particular geographical and alimentary codes. Together they form a somehow coherent image of France and appeal to our sense of familiarity. In this way, France is reduced to some easily recognizable signs, giving rise to an elegant, romantic and nostalgic France, which corresponds to our knowledge, experience and imagination and thus reinforces our sentiment of belonging and identification. Through the analysis of the types and the functions of the images in the textbooks, we will have a better understanding of the intricate relationships between cultural transmission and ideological construction. In the teaching of language, the reasonable treatment of cultural material and cultural references allow us to get rid of clichés and stereotypes. Instead of overestimating or underestimating the other, we might eventually adopt an adequate attitude towards it.