题名

Work & Travel：美國打工度假者之動機、文化衝擊與旅遊體驗

并列篇名

Work & Travel: The Motivation, Culture Shock and Travel Experience of Participants of USA Work & Travel Program

作者

李君如(Chun-Ju Li)；劉佩昀(Pei-Yun Liu)

关键词

打工度假 ； 動機 ； 文化衝擊 ； working tourists ； motivation ； culture shock

期刊名称

島嶼觀光研究

卷期/出版年月

6卷4期（2013 / 12 / 01）

页次

79 - 112

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

美國打工度假是美國聯邦政府為宣揚文化、獲得全球青年認同而設計的計畫；希望此結合工作與假期的旅遊型態，能讓申請者以工作所得自行安排旅遊行程，真實體驗美國生活。一般認知的工作與假期似乎存在於不同面向，此對立概念逐步被打破，打工度假成為目前許多年輕人參與的旅遊行為；然而以往研究鮮少以美國為場域對象，且較少關注參與者因跨文化而衍生之衝擊。本研究採用質性的參與觀察法及深度訪談法，探討美國打工度假者的心路歷程，包含出發前的動機、實際於美國工作與旅遊所遇到的文化衝擊與適應，以及回台後的成長與反思。研究發現參與計畫的動機可歸納為推力因素之把握青春、增進語文、訓練獨立、增廣見聞，及拉力因素之朋友推薦、費用低廉、實際體驗、轉換環境、美國憧憬。打工期間，新奇的生活體驗與異國文化衝擊交互而來；而結束工作踏上旅程時，參與者一方面享受跳脫一般觀光的美國之旅，一方面也必須面對旅程中的狀況。回台後，整個行程的一切都幻化成使人蛻變成長的養分，對於打工度假計畫也有了新的觀感與見解。
英文摘要

”Summer Work & Travel” is a project made by the government of the U.S.A., for publicizing the culture and getting the global youth to approve. The program is a combination of working and traveling; the applicants could not only arrange their own tour by the income but also experience the American life. People usually think that work and travel are two different concepts; however, working holiday breaks the normal idea and gradually becomes many young men's travel plan. Lots of prior studies focus on Australia as the research boundary, and less interest in working tourists' cross-culture shock in America. This research adopted both participant observation and in-depth interview to discuss working tourists' experience which includes the motive before departure, the cross-culture shock and adaption during the journey and the reflection after back to Taiwan. The findings induced push factors and pull factors for the motive. Seize the youth, improve the language skills, train to be independent and broaden the horizon belongs to push factors; friends' recommendation, cheap expenses, practical experience, change the environment and expect the American life are pull factors. Novel life and foreign culture shock interworks while the working time; on the other hand, when the job comes to the end, participants could enjoy their exclusive trip in America, but they have to deal with every condition by their own in the journey. After they back to Taiwan, the whole journey transforms into a kind of nutrient for growing, and they get the new feeling and understanding about the work & travel program as well.
主题分类 人文學 > 地理及區域研究
参考文献
  1. 徐元民(2011)。一個深層的生命經驗：從觀光客的凝視出發。身體文化學報，12，1-24。
    連結：
  2. J-1 VISA (2010). J-1 Visa Basics [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http//j1visa.state.gov/basics/.
  3. Xuite (2012). 2013 美國暑期打工旅遊計畫（W&T 專案）簡介【線上論壇】。取自http://blog.xuite.net/marigold2009/wt/17677539。
  4. YEC 國際教育中心（ 2007 ）。澳洲打工度假【線上論壇】。取自http://www.studyinaust.com.tw/workingholiday/index.html。
  5. 國際教育諮詢有限公司（2012）。美國暑期打工與國外遊學【線上論壇】。取自http://www.ieenet.com.tw/WT/wt-usa.htm。
  6. Omega Study Abroad Center (2012). 打工遊學【線上論壇】。取自http://www.osac.com.tw/product.php?type=89&id=345。
  7. Sapir, E. (1924). Culture, genuine and spurious. The American Journal of Sociology, 29(4), 401-429.
  8. Adler, J.(1985).Youth on the road: Reflections on the history of tramping.Annals of Tourism Research,12(3),335-354.
  9. Barnown, V.(1963).Culture and Personality.Homewood, IL:Dorsey Press.
  10. Black, J. S.(1988).Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan.Journal of International Business Studies,19(2),277-294.
  11. Black, J. S.,Stephens, G. K.(1989).The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment in Pacific rim overseas assignments.Journal of Management,15(4),529-544.
  12. Church, A. T.(1982).Sojourner adjustment.Psychological Bulletin,91(3),540-572.
  13. Clarke, N.(2004).Mobility, fixity, agency: Australia's working holiday programme.Population, Space and Place,10(5),411-420.
  14. Clarke, N.(2005).Detailing transnational lives of the middle: British working holiday makers in Australia.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,31(2),307-322.
  15. Cohen, E.(1974).Who is a tourist? A conceptual clarification.The Sociological Review,22(4),527-555.
  16. Cohen, E.(1973).Nomads from affluence: Notes on the phenomenon of drifter tourism.International Journal of Comparative Sociology,14(1-2),89-103.
  17. Crompton, J. L.(1979).Motivations of pleasure vacation.Annals of Tourism Research,6(4),408-424.
  18. Dann, G. M.(1977).Anomie ego-enhancement and tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,4(4),184-194.
  19. Fondness, D.(1994).Measuring tourist motivation.Annals of Tourism Research,21(3),555-581.
  20. Furnham, A.,Bochner, S.(1986).Cultural shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environment.London:Methuen.
  21. Holbrook, Morris B.(Ed.)(1999).Consumer value: A framework for analysis and research.NY:Routledge.
  22. Iso-Ahola, S.,Mannell, R. C.(1985).Work constraints on leisure: A social psychological analysis.Constraints on Leisure,Springfield, IL:
  23. Jun, S.,Gentry, J. W.,Hyun, Y. J.(2001).Cultural adaptation of business expatriates in the host marketplace.Journal of International Business Studies,32(2),369-377.
  24. Kaplan, M.(1975).Leisure: Theory and policy.Springfield, II:Charles C. Thomas.
  25. Kim, Y. Y.(1988).Communication and cross-cultural adaptation.Clevedon, Avon, England:Multilingual Matters Ltd..
  26. Lin, Y. H.,Lee, Y. C.,Wang, S. C.(2012).Analysis of motivation, travel risk, and travel satisfaction of Taiwan undergraduates on work and travel overseas programmes: Developing measurement scales.Tourism Management Perspectives,2-3,35-46.
  27. Loker-Murphy, L.(1996).Backpackers in Australia: A motivation-based segmentation study.Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,5(4),23-45.
  28. Mcintosh, A. J.,Bonnemann, S. M.(2006).Willing workers on organic farms (WWOOF): The alternative farm stay experience?.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,14(1),82-99.
  29. Oberg, K.(1960).Culture shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments.Practical Anthropology,7,177-182.
  30. Pape, R. H.(1965).Touristry: A type of occupational mobility.Social Problems,11(4),336-344.
  31. Pearce, P. L.(1990).Farm tourism in New Zealand a social situation analysis.Annals of Tourism Research,17(3),337-352.
  32. Pizam, A.,Uriely, N.,Reichel, A.(2000).The intensity of tourist-host social relationship and its effects on satisfaction and change of attitudes: the case of working tourists in Israel.Tourism Management,21(4),395-406.
  33. Rice, K.(2010).Working on holiday: Relationships between tourism and work among young Canadians in Edinburgh.Anthropology in Action,17(1),30-40.
  34. Ruhanen, L.(2010).Working while travelling: Tourism development opportunities for agricultural regions.Preliminary Communication,58(1),173-184.
  35. Sheth, J. N.,Newman, B.I.,Gross, B. L.(1991).Consumption Values and Market Choices: Theory and Applications.Cincinnati, Ohio:South-Western Publishing Company.
  36. Uriely, N.(2001).Travelling worker' and 'working tourists: Variations across the interaction between work and tourism.International Journal of Tourism Research,3(1),1-8.
  37. Uriely, N.,Reichel, A.(2000).Working tourists and their attitudes to hosts.Annals of Tourism Research,27(2),267-283.
print cancel