犯罪類型對危機感受及衝擊程度影響之研究

The Effects of Crime Type on the Perception of Crisis

譚子文(Tzyy-Wen Tan)；廖世義(Shu-Yi Liaw)

犯罪類型 ； 治安結構 ； 策略分析 ； 多元尺度法 ； 階層線性模式 ； Crime Type ； Public Security Structure ； Strategy Analysis ； Multidimensional Scaling ； Hierarchical Linear Model

商略學報

1卷1期（2009 / 12 / 01）

57 - 73

繁體中文

本研究以台灣地區二十四縣市民眾及警察為對象(N=2922)。研究發現，目前政府重大治安策略及警察各項勤務活動當中，仍是以剛性勤務偵破刑案降低犯罪率為主的傳統警察角色，但是民眾心目中最深層的感受，不應該是犯罪數據的安撫。在都市化的過程當中，犯罪案件所衍生的危機感受程度，會從財產性犯罪演變為暴力性犯罪，再趨於一致。不同的縣市民眾對犯罪類型所造成的衝擊感受印象知覺，顯示出各縣市間的治安結構是截然不同的。犯罪類型屬性與治安結構間，不因人口密度、土地面積及都市化程度而有所差異，但每一縣市有屬於自己的犯罪類型屬性，在治安策略的擬訂上應以縣市為單位。

The sample surveyed in this study was the public and police living in 24 counties and cities in Taiwan. A total of 3,500 questionnaires were issued, and 2,922 valid questionnaires were returned. The research results showed that the current major government strategy for public order and police duties focuses on reducing crime rates; however, these strategies should not be merely to pacify the populace with positive crime data, and neglect their most deep-seated feelings. A three-dimensional scatter plot used to describe the sense of crisis indicated that public awareness is compatible with that of the police in terms of crime prevention, but they are not identified with the public security policy. Accordingly, the current public security strategy does not conform to public expectations .Furthermore, the crisis perception of different crime type is contingent on the level of urbanization. The impact of violent sexual crime is perceived as stronger than that of property crime at more urbanized area. Nevertheless, in highly urbanized city or county, the impact of both crime type is perceived as equally intensive. The impact of the crime type was perceived differently, and it indicates the public security structure is various in different city and county.

1. Allport, F. H., 1924. The Group Fallacy in Relation to Social Science, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 19, 60-73.
2. Arnold, C. L.(1980).Multivariate Procedures in the Scaling and Analysis of NAEP Data: Using Hierarchical Linear Models on NAEP Data.AERA 1993 Annual Meeting,Atlanta, Georgia:
3. Bennett, T.(1991).The Effectiveness of a Police-Initiated Fear-Reducing Strategy.British Journal of Criminology,31(1),179-194.
4. Box, S.,Hale, C.,Andrews, G.(1988).Explaining Fear of Crime.British Journal of Criminology,28(3),340-356.
5. Burstein, L.(1980).The Analysis of Multilevel Data in Educational Research and Evaluation.Review of Research in Education,8,158-233.
6. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.New Jersey:Erabium.
7. Coombs, W. T.(1995).Choosing the Right Words: The Development of Guidelines for the Selection of the "Appropriate" Crisis Response Strategies.Management Communication Quarterly,8(4),447-476.
8. Crawford, A.(1998).Crime Prevention and Community Safety: Politics, Policies and Practices.New York:Longman.
9. Einstadter, W.,Henry, S.(1995).Criminological Theory: An Empirical Test of Self-Control Theory.Journal of Crime and Justice,21,89-103.
10. Eisner, M.(2001).Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence.British Journal of Criminology,41(4),618-638.
11. Galbraith, C.,Schedel, D.(1983).An Empirical Analysis of Strategy Types.Strategic Management Journal,4(2),153-173.
12. Garofalo, J.(1979).Victimization and the Fear of Crime.Journal of Research in Criminal and Delinquency,16(1),80-97.
13. Garofalo, J.(1981).The Fear of Crime: Cause and Consequences.The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,72(2),839-859.
14. Garoupa, N.,Klerman, D.(2002).Optimal Law Enforcement with a Rent-Seeking Government.American Law and Economics Review,4(1),116-140.
15. Gottfredsom, M.,Hirschi, T.(1990).A General Theory of Crime.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
16. Jackson, J.(2004).Experience and Expression: Social and Cultural Signification in the Fear of Crime.British Journal of Criminology,44(6),946-966.
17. Keane, C.(1998).Evaluating the Influence of Fear of Crime as an Environmental Mobility Restrictor on Women's Routine Activity.Environment and Behavior,30(1),60-74.
18. Klein, K. J.(Ed.),Kozlowski, S. W. J.(Ed.)(2000).Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions.Sanfrancisco:Jossey Bass.
19. Kreft, I.,de Leeuw, J.(1998).Introducing Multilevel Modeling.London:Sage Publication.
20. Kruskal, J. B.(1964).Multidimensional Scaling by Optimizing Goodness of Fit to a Non Metric Hypothesis.Psychometrika,29(1),1-27.
21. Lauritsen, J. L.,Quinet, K. F. D.(1995).Repeat Victimization Among Adolescents and Young Adults.Journal of Quantitative Criminology,11(2),143-166.
22. Lin, M.-J.(2007).Does Democracy Increase Crime? The Evidence from International Data.Journal of Comparative Economics,35(3),467-483.
23. Lloyd, S.,Farrell, G.,Pease, K.(1994).Preventing Repeated Domestic Violence: A Demonstration Project on Merseyside.London:Home Office.
24. McFarlan, F. W.,McKenny, J. L.(1983).Corporate Information Systems Management: The Issues Facing Senior Executives.Illinois:Richard D. Irwin.
25. Mitroff, I. I.,Pearson, C. M.(1993).From Crisis Prone to Crisis Prepared: A Framework for Crisis Management.Academy of Management Executives,7(1),48-59.
26. Ortega, T S.,Myles, L J.(1987).Race and Gender Effects on Fear of Crime: An Interactive Model with Age.Criminology,25(1),133-152.
27. Ostroff, C.(1993).Comparing Correlations based on Individual-Level and Aggregation Data.Journal of Applied Psychology,78(4),569-582.
28. Robinson, W. S.(1950).Ecological Correlations and The Behavior of Individuals.American Sociological Review,15(3),351-357.
29. Rockoff, N.,Wiseman, C.,Ullrich, W. A.(1985).Information Systems For Competitive Advantage: Implementation of a Planning Process.MIS Quarterly,9(4),285-294.
30. Rogosa, D.(1978).Politics, Process, and Pyramids.Journal of Educational Statistics,3(1),79-86.
31. Sampson, R. J.,Laub, J. H.(1994).Crime in the making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life.Boston:Harvarde University Press.
32. Schafer, J. A.,Huebner, B. M.,Bynum, T. S.(2006).Fear of Crime and Criminal Victimization: Gender-Based Contrasts.Journal of Criminal Justice,34(3),285-301.
33. Sudman, S.(1976).Applied Sampling.New York:Academic Press.
34. Walker, L. O.,Avant, K. C.(1995).Strategies for Theory Construction in Using.Connecticut:Appleton and Lange.
35. 吳萬益、林清河(2002)。行銷研究。台北:華泰文化事業股份有限公司。
36. 吳學燕(1989)。台灣地區社會變遷與社會治安─警察人員對社會變遷過程中社會治安的認知。刑事科學，27，96-123。
37. 候崇文、林燦璋(1996)。國科會專題研究成果報告國科會專題研究成果報告,中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所。
38. 高新建、吳幼吾(1997)。階層線性模式在內屬結構教育資料上的應用。教育研究資訊，5(2)，31-50。
39. 陳玉書(2004)。社會治安與犯罪被害恐懼感。中央大學犯罪防治學報，5，39-58。
40. 楊明賢(1999)。觀光學概論。台北:揚智文化事業股份有限公司。
41. 蔡德輝、楊士隆(2003)。犯罪學。台北:五南圖書股份有限公司。
42. 蕭銘慶(2005)。環境犯罪類型之探討。中央警察大學警學叢刊，36(3)，83-108。
43. 謝文彥(2006)。街頭搶奪犯罪動機與決意歷程之研究。中央警察大學警學叢刊，36(5)，93-122。