女性創業意圖與行動之關聯性研究：害怕失敗及創業知識為調節變數

A Study of the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Intention and Action in Women: Fear of Failure and Entrepreneurial Knowledge as Moderators

謝如梅(Ru-Mei Hsieh)；黃曉琳(Siao-Lin Huang)

女性創業 ； 創業意圖 ； 創業行動 ； 害怕失敗 ； 創業知識 ； Women Entrepreneurship ； Entrepreneurial Intention ； Entrepreneurial Action ； Fear of Failure ； Entrepreneurial Knowledge

商略學報

5卷3期（2013 / 09 / 01）

187 - 202

繁體中文

隨著女性之教育普及與兩性平權時代的到來，帶動女性就業率及創業率之攀升，臺灣女性投入創業的意願大增，但實際從事行動之女性卻不多，顯示創業意圖至行動間存在著調節變數之研究缺口。本研究旨在探討女性創業意圖對從事創業行動之影響，並以害怕失敗及創業知識為調節變數進行探討，研究方法以全球創業觀察（Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM）之臺灣2010年至2012年成人人口調查（Adult Population Survey）隨機抽樣之3,006位女性樣本進行統計分析。實證結果發現創業意圖確實是行動之關鍵前因，當具有創業意圖之女性越害怕失敗，其從事創業之行動便會顯著降低；但創業知識之調節效果則並未獲得支持。最後根據研究結果提出討論分析、理論貢獻與實務意涵。

With the universal of woman education and the coming of gender equality, they promote up the rate of woman employment and entrepreneurship. Although women have high intention to start up a new business in Taiwan, but only one-quarter of women have entrepreneurial intention who really engage in the entrepreneurship. It shows that there is a research gap to discuss the moderating effect in the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and action. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the women who have entrepreneurial intentions of engaging in action, and take fear of failure and entrepreneurial knowledge as moderators. The study uses random sample data (Adult Population Survey) of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Taiwan database from 2010 to 2012 (3,006 women samples). The results reveal that entrepreneurial intention has significant positive relationship with action, but women who with fear of failure reduce the direct effect. Moreover, the moderating effect of entrepreneurial knowledge is not support. Finally, we provide discussions, theoretical contribution and practical implications.

1. 卓國雄、盧俊宏(2005)。中文版表現失敗評估量表之修訂研究：探索性和驗證性因素分析。大專體育學刊，7(2)，111-123。
   連結：
2. 陳悅琴、蔡明宏、林明杰(2010)。創業家失敗經驗對東山再起事業經營之影響研究：以意會活動觀點探討。管理學報，27(6)，571-601。
   連結：
3. Dewey, J., 1933. How We Think, Boston, MA: D. C. Heath.
4. Mises, L. V., 1949. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics (4th Revised ed.), San Francisco, CA: Fox & Wilkes.
5. Schumpeter, J. A., 1934. The Theory of Economic Development, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
6. 行政院青輔會，2011。100 年度績效報告，11 月 20 日，取自：http://www.nyc.gov.tw/22.php?forewordTypeID=142
7. Harris, D. B., 1996. Creating a Knowledge Centric Information Technology Environmen, available http://www.htcs.com/ckc.html
8. Addleson, M.(1995).Equilibrium versus Understanding: Towards the Restoration of Economics as Social Theory.London, UK:Routledge.
9. Aiken, L. S.,West, S. G.(1991).Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
10. Ajzen, I.(1991).The Theory of Planned Behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50(2),179-211.
11. Ajzen, I.,Fishbein, M.(1980).Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
12. Amabile, T. M.(1997).Entrepreneurial Creativity through Motivational Synergy.Journal of Creative Behavior,31(1),18-26.
13. Amit, R.,Glosten, L.,Muller, E.(1993).Challenges to Theory Development in Entrepreneurship Research.Journal of Management Studies,30(5),815-834.
14. Arenius, P.,Minniti, M.(2005).Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,24(3),233-247.
15. Audretsch, D. B.(1995).Innovation and Industry Evolution.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
16. Audretsch, D. B.,Bönte, W.,Keilbach, M.(2008).Entrepreneurship Capital and Its Impact on Knowledge Diffusion and Economic Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,23(6),687-698.
17. Audretsch, D. B.,Keilbach, M.(2008).Resolving the Knowledge Paradox: Knowledge-spillover Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth.Research Policy,37(10),1697-1705.
18. Autio, E.(2005).,London, UK:Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
19. Baughn, C. C.,Chua, B. L.,Neupert, K. E.(2006).The Normative Context for Women's Participation in Entrepreneruship: A Multicountry Study.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,30(5),687-708.
20. Baumol, W. J.(2002).Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Growth: The David-Goliath Symbiosis.Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures,7(2),1-10.
21. Bird, B.(1988).Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention.Academy of Management Review,13(3),442-453.
22. Birney, R. C.,Burdick, H.,Teevan, R. C.(1969).Fear of Failure.New York, NY:Van Nostrand.
23. Brenner, O. C.,Pringle, C. D.,Greenhaus, J. H.(1991).Perceived Fulfillment of Organizational Employment versus Entrepreneurship: Work Values and Career Intentions of Business College Graduates.Journal of Small Business Management,29(3),62-74.
24. Carter, S. L.,Anderson, S.,Shaw, E.(2001).DTI Small Business Service Research ReportDTI Small Business Service Research Report,Glasgow, UK.:Department of Marketing, University of Strathclyde.
25. Casson, M.(1982).The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory.Totowa, NJ:Barnes & Noble Books.
26. Chandrashekaran, M.,McNeilly, K.,Russ, F. A.,Marinova, D.(2000).From Uncertain Intentions to Actual Behavior: A Threshold Model of Whether and When Salespeople Quit.Journal of Marketing Research,37(4),463-479.
27. Choo, S.,Wong, M.(2006).Entrepreneurial Intention: Triggers and Barriers to New Venture Creations in Singapore.Singapore Management Review,28(2),47-64.
28. Conroy, D. E.(2001).Fear of Failure: An Exemplar for Social Development Research in Sport.Quest,53(2),165-183.
29. Crant, J. M.(1996).The Proactive Personality Scale as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions.Journal of Small Business Management,34(3),42-53.
30. Davidsson, P.,Honig, B.(2003).The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.Journal of Business Venturing,18(3),301-331.
31. De Bruin, A.,Brush, C. G.,Welter, F.(2007).Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Women's Entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,31(3),323-339.
32. DeNoble, A. F.,Jung, D.,Ehrlich, S. B.(1999).Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy: The Development of a Measure and Its Relationship to Entrepreneurial Action, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research.Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 1999: Proceedings of the 19th Annual Entrepreneurship Research Conference,Babson Park, MA:
33. Dollinger, M. J.(2003).Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall.
34. Ekore, J. O.,Okekeocha, O. C.(2012).Fear of Entrepreneurship among University Graduates: A Psychological Analysis.International Journal of Management,29(2),515-524.
35. Elliot, A. J.(1999).Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals.Educational Psychologist,34(3),169-189.
36. Evans, D. S.,Leighton, L. S.(1989).Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship.American Economic Review,79(3),519-535.
37. Fini, R.,Grimaldi, R.,Marzocchi, G. L.,Sobrero, M.(2009).The Foundation of Entrepreneurial Intention.Proceeding of the Academy of Management Meeting,Denmark:
38. Gartner, W. B.(1989).Some Suggestions for Research on Entrepreneurial Traits and Characteristics.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,14(1),27-37.
39. Goldman, A.(1986).Cognition and Epistemology.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
40. Hitt, M. A.(Ed.),Ireland, R. D.(Ed.),Camp, S. M.(Ed.),Sexton, D. L.(Ed.)(2002).Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating a New Mindset.Malden, MA:Blackwell.
41. Hughes, K. D.,Jennings, J. E.,Brush, C.,Carter, S.,Welter, F.(2012).Extending Women's Entrepreneurship Research in New Directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,36(3),429-442.
42. Kolvereid, L.(1996).Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,21(1),47-56.
43. Krueger, N. F.(1993).The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,18(1),5-21.
44. Krueger, N. F.,Brazeal, D. V.(1994).Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,18(3),91-104.
45. Lavoie, D.(1984).A New Era for Female Entrepreneurship in the 80's.Journal of Small Business - Canada,2(3),34-43.
46. Lipshitz, R.,Strauss, O.(1997).Coping with Uncertainty: A Naturalistic Decision-making Analysis.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,69(2),149-163.
47. McMullen, J. S.,Shepherd, D. A.(2006).Entrepreneurial Action and the Role of Uncertainty in the Theory of the Entrepreneur.Academy of Management Review,31(1),132-152.
48. Milliken, F. J.(1987).Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty about the Environment: State, Effect and Response Uncertainty.Academy of Management Review,12(1),133-143.
49. Minniti, M.,Nardone, C.(2007).Being in Someone Else's Shoes: The Role of Gender in Nascent Entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,28(2),223-238.
50. Mitchel, J. O.(1981).The Effect of Intentions, Tenure, Personal and Organizational Variables on Managerial Turnover.Academy of Management Journal,24(4),742-751.
51. Moore, D. P.(1990).An Examination of Present Research on the Female Entrepreneur - Suggested Research Strategies for the 1990's.Journal of Business Ethics,9(4),275-281.
52. Mueller, P.(2006).Exploring the Knowledge Filter: How Entrepreneurship and University-industry Relationships Drive Economic Growth.Research Policy,35(10),1499-1508.
53. Podsakoff, P. M.,Mackenzie, S. B.,Lee, J. Y.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2003).Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
54. Podsakoff, P. M.,Organ, D. W.(1986).Self-reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects.Journal of Management,12(4),531-544.
55. Ramos-Rodríguez, A. R.,Medina-Garrido, J. A.,Lorenzo-Gómez, J. D.,Ruiz-Navarro, J.(2010).What You Know or Who You Know? The Role of Intellectual and Social Capital in Opportunity Recognition.International Small Business Journal,28(6),566-582.
56. Roberts, E. B.(1991).Entrepreneurs in High Technology: Lesson from MIT and Beyond.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
57. Sager, S. S.,Lavallee, D.,Spray, C. M.(2009).Coping with the Effects of Fear of Failure: A Preliminary Investigation of Young Elite Athletes.Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology,3(1),73-98.
58. Scott, M. G.,Twomey, D. F.(1988).The Long-term Supply of Entrepreneurs: Students' Career Aspirations in Relation to Entrepreneurship.Journal of Small Business Management,26(4),5-13.
59. Shane, S.(2000).Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.Organization Science,11(4),448-469.
60. Shane, S.,Khurana, R.(2003).Bringing Individuals Back in: The Effects of Career Experience on New Firm Founding.Industrial and Corporate Change,12(3),519-543.
61. Shane, S.,Venkataraman, S.(2000).The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.Academy of Management Review,25(1),217-226.
62. Timmons, J. A.(1990).New Venture Creation.Homewood, IL:Irwin.
63. Ucbasaran, D.,Westhead, P.,Wright, M.(2009).The Extent and Nature of Opportunity Identification by Experienced Entrepreneurs.Journal of Business Venturing,24(2),99-115.
64. Vaillant, Y.,Lafuente, E.(2007).Do Different Institutional Frameworks Condition the Influence of Local Fear of Failure and Entrepreneurial Examples over Entrepreneurial Activity?.Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,19(4),313-337.
65. Wang, C. K.,Wong, P. K.(2004).Entrepreneurial Interest of University Students in Singapore.Technovation,24(2),163-172.
66. Wiklund, J.,Shepherd, D.(2003).Knowledge-based Resources, Entrepreneurial Orientation and the Performance of Small and Medium-sized Businesses.Strategic Management Journal,24(13),1307-1314.
67. Yates, J. F.(Ed.)(1992).Risk-taking Behavior.New York, NY:Wiley.
68. 王福寧(2010)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。義守大學企業管理研究所。
69. 陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵(2012)。多變量分析方法。台北市:五南圖書出版公司。
70. 陳志遠、張勝立、魏式琦、楊金展(2007)。人格特質、社會資本、先前知識對創業機警性影響之實證研究：創業家與經理人的比較分析。創業管理研究，2(4)，25-56。
71. 黃怡仁(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。南台科技大學技職教育與人力資源發展研究所。
72. 溫肇東(2000)。行政院國家科學委員會專題計畫成果報告行政院國家科學委員會專題計畫成果報告,行政院國家科學委員會。
73. 經濟部中小企業處編(2012)。中小企業白皮書。台北:經濟部中小企業。
74. 劉常勇、溫肇東、謝如梅(2011)。臺灣創業現況調查與政策意涵：全球創業觀察觀點。2011 第 14 屆科際整合管理研討會，台北市:
75. 劉常勇、謝如梅、經濟部中小企業處編(2011)。全球創業觀察：2010 臺灣研究報告。台北市:經濟部中小企業處。
76. 蔡依倫、謝如梅(2012)。臺灣女性創業制度與創業者圖像之研究：應用全球創業觀察資料庫。創業管理研究，7(2)，77-104。
77. 蔡璧如(1999)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研究所。

1. 陳美華、李秋燕(2016)。風險承擔、創業自我效能、創業意圖之研究─以中部某美髮業員工為例。美容科技學刊，13(2)，121-140。
2. 蘇登呼(2014)。創業家對員工的有效說故事策略：創業家與創業家核心部屬之觀點比較。商略學報，6(2)，73-87。
3. 凃嘉峪,楊斯琴,張瑜娟(2022)。驅動微型創業家成長與成功之動因分析－以科技服務業個案為例。中原企管評論，20(2)，57-85。
4. (2021)。餐飲管理系學生實習體驗對創業意圖之影響：以自我效能、感知可行性及感知慾望為中介變數。教育政策論壇，24(3)，121-159。