Trickle-Down Effects of Ethical Leadership on Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

從涓滴模式探討倫理領導對企業社會責任與組織公民行為之影響

10.3966/207321472019061102003

楊靜芳(Chin-Fang Yang)；林尚平(Shang-Ping Lin)

Ethical Leadership ； Corporate Social Responsibility ； Organizational Citizenship Behavior ； Trickle-Down Model ； Hierarchical Linear Model ； 倫理領導 ； 企業社會責任 ； 組織公民行為 ； 涓滴模式 ； 階層線性模式

商略學報

11卷2期（2019 / 06 / 01）

123 - 150

英文

Based on the social learning theory and social exchange theory, this study explored the role-model sources of employees' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), including top management, supervisor, and firm executing corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and investigated the effects of ethical leadership on the perceived CSR and OCB of employees from the perspective of the trickle-down model. Participants of the study included supervisors and their employees since the research involved different hierarchical levels of the company. The questionnaire was issued only to 30 listed and over-the-counter companies, based on the assumption that small companies cannot afford CSR campaigns. Finally, 112 supervisors and their 430 subordinates completed the survey. The study examined three ranking levels of top managers, supervisors and their employees; therefore, the analysis method was a three-level hierarchical linear model. The results revealed that the employees perceived CSR positively affects their OCB. Regarding the direct effect of cross levels, the ethical leadership of a top manager is positively associated with the ethical leadership of a supervisor. The ethical leadership of both a top manager and supervisor positively influences the OCB of employees; however, only that of a top manager positively affects the CSR perceived by employees. Regarding the trickle-down model of ethical leadership, the ethical leadership of a top manager positively influences employee OCB through the ethical leadership of a supervisor, which plays a partially mediating role. Moreover, the ethical leadership of a top manager positively affects employee OCB through their perceived CSR, which also plays a partially mediating role. The results suggested that corporations should understand how to exploit ethical leadership and the employee perceived CSR to enhance their OCB.

本研究從涓滴模式的觀點，以社會學習理論與社會交換理論為基礎，探討倫理領導對員工知覺企業社會責任與組織公民行為的影響。由於研究構念涉及公司不同層次，所以受測對象包含低階主管及直屬員工，且為避免受測公司規模太小，難以執行相關企業社會責任的活動，所以共調查30家上市上櫃公司，最後回收112位低階主管及430位員工的配對問卷。本研究涉及高階主管、低階主管及員工三個層次，所以採用三層次的跨層次階層線性模式進行分析。結果發現在員工層次方面，員工知覺企業社會責任會正向影響員工組織公民行為。在跨層次的直接效果方面，高階主管倫理領導會正向影響低階主管倫理領導，高階主管倫理領導與低階主管倫理領導都正向影響員工組織公民行為，但是只有高階主管倫理領導會正向影響員工知覺企業社會責任。在跨層次的倫理領導涓滴模式方面，高階主管倫理領導會透過低階主管倫理領導，間接影響員工組織公民行為，低階主管倫理領導扮演部分中介的角色。在跨層次的員工知覺企業社會責任中介效果方面，高階主管倫理領導會透過員工知覺企業社會責任，間接影響員工組織公民行為，員工知覺企業社會責任扮演部分中介的角色。研究結果讓企業了解高階主管倫理領導如何透過低階主管倫理領導，以及員工知覺企業社會責任，進而影響員工組織公民行為。

1. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach.Psychological Bulletin,103(3),411-423.
2. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Preferences.Journal of Consumer Research,27(2),233-248.
3. Avey J. B.,Palanski, M. E.,Walumbwa, F. O.(2011).When Leadership Goes Unnoticed: The Moderating Role of Follower Self-Esteem on the Relationship between Ethical Leadership and Follower Behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,98(4),573-582.
4. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the Evaluation for Structural Equation Models.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,16(1),74-94.
5. Bandura, A.(1977).Social Learning Theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
6. Bandura, A.(1986).Social Foundations of Thought and Action, Englewood Cliffs.New York, NY:Prentice-Hall.
7. Barney, J. B.(2005).Should Strategic Management Research Engage Public Policy Debates?.Academy of Management Journal,48,945-948.
8. Baron, R. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1986).The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
9. Bass, B. M.(1990).From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision.Organizational Dynamics,18,19-31.
10. Bass, B. M.,Steidlmeier, P.(1999).Ethics, Character, and Authentic Transformational Leadership Behavior.The Leadership Quarterly,10,181-217.
11. Bass, B. M.,Waldman, D. A.,Avolio, B. J.,Webb, M.(1987).Transformational Leadership and the Falling Dominoes Effect.Group & Organization Studies,12,73-87.
12. Bateman, T. S.,Organ, D. W.(1983).Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship between Affect and Employee Citizenship.Academy of Management Journal,26,587-595.
13. Bentler, P. M.,Bonett, D. G.(1980).Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures.Psychological Bulletin,88(3),588-606.
14. Blau, P. M.(1964).Exchange and Power in Social Life.New York, NY:Wiley.
15. Branco, M.,Rodrigues, L.(2006).Corporate Social Responsibility and Resource-Based Perspectives.Journal of Business Ethics,69(2),111-132.
16. Brown, M. E.,Mitchell, M. S.(2010).Ethical and Unethical Leadership: Exploring New Avenues for Future Research.Business Ethics Quarterly,20(4),583-616.
17. Brown, M. E.,Treviño, L. K.(2006).Ethical Leadership: A Review and Future Directions.The Leadership Quarterly,17,595-616.
18. Brown, M. E.,Treviño, L. K.(2006).Socialized Charismatic Leadership, Values Congruence, and Deviance in Work Groups.Journal of Applied Psychology,91,954-962.
19. Brown, M. E.,Treviño, L. K.,Harrison, D. A.(2005).Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,97,117-134.
20. Carroll, A. B.(1979).A Three Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance.Academy of Management Review,4(4),497-505.
21. Christensen, L. J.,Mackey, A.,Whetten, D.(2014).Taking Responsibility for Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Leaders in Creating, Implementing, Sustaining, or Avoiding Socially Responsible Firm Behaviors.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2),164-178.
22. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences.Hillsdale, NJ:Eribaum.
23. Davis, A.,Rothstein, H.(2006).The Effects of the Perceived Behavioral Integrity of Managers on Employee Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,67,407-419.
24. De Hoogh, A. H. B.,Den Hartog, D. N.(2008).Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader's Social Responsibility, Top Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates' Optimism: A Multi-Method Study.Leadership Quarterly,19,297-311.
25. Falkenberg, L.,Herremans, I.(1995).Ethical Behaviours in Organisations: Directed by the Formal or Informal System.Journal of Business Ethics,14,133-143.
26. Farh, J. L.,Earley, P. C.,Lin S. C.(1997).Impetus for Action: A Cultural Analysis of Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Chinese Society.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(3),421-444.
27. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D. F.(1981).Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable and Measurement Errors.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
28. George, J. M.(1990).Personality, Affect, and Behavior in Groups.Journal of Applied Psychology,75,107-116.
29. Gilbert, D. T.(Ed.),Fiske, S. T.(Ed.),Lindzey, G.(Ed.)(1988).The Handbook of Social Psychology.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
30. Greenberg, J.(Ed.),Colquitt, J. A.(Ed.)(2005).Handbook of Organizational Justice: Fundamental Questions About Fairness in the Workplace.Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
31. Grojean, M.,Resick, C.,Dickson, M.,Smith, D. B.(2004).Leaders, Values, and Organizational Climate: Examining Leadership Strategies for Establishing an Organizational Climate Regarding Ethics.Journal of Business Ethics,55,223-241.
32. Groves, K. S.,Larocca, M. A.(2011).An Empirical Study of Leader Ethical Values, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, and Follower Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,103(4),511-528.
33. Hair, J.,Black, B.,Babin, B.,Anderson, R.,Tatham, R.(2006).Multivariate Data Analysis.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
34. Kim, H. R.,Lee, M.,Lee, H. T.,Kim, N. M.(2010).Corporate Social Responsibility and Employee–Company Identification.Journal of Business Ethics,95(4),557-569.
35. Kozlowski, S. W. J.,Hattrup, K.(1992).A Disagreement about Within-Group Agreement: Disentangling Issues of Consistency Versus Consensus.Journal of Applied Psychology,77,161-167.
36. Lind, E. A.,Tyler, R. R.(1988).The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice.New York, NY:Plenum Press.
37. Mackinnon, D. P.,Coxe, S.,Baraldi, A. N.(2012).Guidelines for the Investigation of Mediating Variables in Business Research.Journal of Business and Psychology,27,1-14.
38. Maignan, I.,Ferrell, O. C.(2004).Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing: An Integrative Framework.Academy of Marketing Science,32,3-19.
39. Marsh, H. W.,Hocevar, D.(1985).Application oof Confirmatory Factor Analysis to the Study of Self-Concept: First and Higher-Order Factor Models and Their Invariance Across Groups.Psychological Bulletin,97(3),562-582.
40. Masterson, S. S.(2001).A Trickle-Down Model of Organizational Justice: Relating Employees' and Customers' Perceptions of and Reactions to Fairness.Journal of Applied Psychology,86,594-604.
41. Maxwell, S. E.,Cole, D. A.,Mitchell, M. A.(2011).Bias in Cross-Sectional Analyses of Longitudinal Mediation: Partial and Complete Mediation Under an Autoregressive Model.Multivariate Behavioral Research,46,816-841.
42. Mayer, D.,Kuenzi, M.,Greenbaum, R,Bardes, M,Salvador, R.(2009).How Low Does Ethical Leadership Flow? Test of a Trickle-Down Model.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,108(1),1-13.
43. Mo, S.,Shi, J.(2017).Linking Ethical Leadership to Employees’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Testing the Multilevel Mediation Role of Organizational Concern.Journal of Business Ethics,141(1),151-162.
44. Neubert, M.,Carlson, D.,Kacmar, K.,Roberts, J.,Chonko, L.(2009).The Virtuous Influence of Ethical Leadership Behavior: Evidence from the Field.Journal of Business Ethics,90(2),157-170.
45. Ng, T. W.,Feldman, D. C.(2015).Ethical Leadership: Meta-Analytic Evidence of Criterion-Related and Incremental Validity.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(3),948.
46. Nunnally, J. C.(1978).Psychometric Theory.New York, NY:Mcgraw-Hill.
47. Organ, D. W.(1988).Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome.Lexington, MA:Lexington Books.
48. Pasricha, P.,Singh, B.,Verma, P.(2018).Ethical Leadership, Organic Organizational Cultures and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Empirical Study in Social Enterprises.Journal of Business Ethics,151(4),941-958.
49. Peterson, D. K.(2004).The Relationship between Perceptions of Corporate Citizenship and Organizational Commitment.Business and Society,43(3),296-319.
50. Podsakoff, P. M.,Mackenzie, S. B.,Lee, Y.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2003).Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.The Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
51. Podsakoff, P. M.,Mackenzie, S. B.,Paine, J. B.,Bachrach, D. G.(2000).Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research.Journal of Management,26,513-563.
52. Rettab, B.,Brik, A.,Mellahi, K.(2009).A Study of Management Perceptions of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Performance in Emerging Economies: The Case of Dubai.Journal of Business Ethics,89(3),371-390.
53. Richardson, H.,Vandenberg, R.(2005).Integrating Managerial Perceptions and Transformational Leadership into a Work-Unit Level Model of Employee Involvement.Journal of Organizational Behavior,26,561-589.
54. Ruiz, P.,Ruiz, C.,Martinez, R.(2011).Improving The Leader-Follower” Relationship: Top Manager or Supervisor? The Ethical Leadership Trickle-Down Effect on Follower Job Response.Journal of Business Ethics,99,587-608.
55. Rupp, D. E.,Ganapathi, J.,Aguilera, R. V.,Williams, C. A.(2006).Employee Reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility: An Organizational Justice Framework.Journal of Organizational Behavior,7(4),537-543.
56. Shanock, L.,Eisenberger, R.(2006).When Supervisors Feel Supported: Relationships with Subordinates’ Perceived Supervisor Support, Perceived Organizational Support, and Performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,91,689-695.
57. Shore, L. M.,Wayne, S. J.(1993).Commitment and Employee Behavior: Comparison of Affective Commitment and Continuance Commitment with Perceived Organizational Support.Journal of Applied Psychology,78(5),774-780.
58. Smith, C. A.,Organ, D. W.,Near, J. P.(1983).Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature and Antecedents.Journal of Applied Psychology,68,653-663.
59. Tepper, B.,Taylor, E.(2003).Relationships Among Supervisors’ and Subordinates’ Procedural Justice Perceptions and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors.Academy of Management Journal,46,97-105.
60. Tracey, J. B.,Tews, M.(2005).Construct Validity of a General Training Climate Scale.Organizational Research Methods,8,353-374.
61. Treviño, L. K.,Brown, M.,Hartman, L. P.(2003).A Qualitative Investigation of Perceived Executive Ethical Leadership: Perceptions from Inside and Outside the Executive Suite.Human Relations,55,5-37.
62. Treviño, L. K.,Hartman, L. P.,Brown, M.(2000).Moral Person and Moral Manager: How Executives Develop a Reputation for Ethical Leadership.California Management Review,42,128-142.
63. Valentine, S.,Fleischman, G.(2008).Ethics Programs, Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Job Satisfaction.Journal of Business Ethics,77(2),159-172.
64. Van Velsor, E.(2009).Introduction: Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Governance,9(1),3-6.
65. Waldman, D.,De Luque, S.,Washburn, N.,House, R.(2006).Cultural and Leadership Predictors of Corporate Social Responsibility Values of Top Management: A GLOBE Study of 15 Countries.Journal of International Business Studies,37,823-837.
66. Waldman, D.,Siegel, D.,Javidan, M.(2006).Components of CEO Transformational Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility.Journal of Management Studies,43(8),1703-1725.
67. Walumbwa, F. O.,Schaubroeck, J.(2009).Leader Personality Traits and Employee Voice Behavior: Mediating Roles of Ethical Leadership and Work Group Psychological Safety.Journal of Applied Psychology,94,1275-1286.
68. Williams, L. J.,Anderson, S. E.(1991).Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors.Journal of Management,17,601-617.
69. Wu, L. Z.,Kawn, H. K.,Yim, F. H.,Chiu, R. K.,He, X.(2015).CEO Ethical Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Moderated Mediation Model.Journal of Business Ethics,130(4),819-831.
70. Zhu, Y.,Sun, L. Y.,Leung, A. S. M.(2014).Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Reputation, and Firm Performance: The Role of Ethical Leadership.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,31(4),925-947.

1. 鄧景宜,蔡允臻,陳明怡,阮黃雲(2020)。How Does Green Marketing Awareness Impact on Purchase Intention in the Retail Setting? The Perspective of Corporate Image。商略學報，12(2)，111-131。