不同範例展示及實作經驗對國中生科技創造力的影響

Effects of Exemplars and Hands-on Experiences on Technological Creativity of Junior High School Students

張玉山(Yu-Shan Chang)；李大偉(Ta-Wei Lee)；游光昭(Kuang-Chao Yu)；林雅玲(Ya-Ling Lin)

生活科技課程 ； 科技創造力 ； 實作經驗 ； 範例 ； living-technology curriculum ； technological creativity ； hands-on experience ； exemplar

教育科學研究期刊

54卷4期（2009 / 12 / 01）

1 - 27

繁體中文

本研究旨在探討不同創意層級的範例展示及實作經驗對國中生科技創造力的影響。研究方法採用二因子實驗設計之準實驗研究，研究對象為231位臺北縣國中生活科技課程的學生。主要研究工具為產品創意量表，內容包括整體評分、主題設定、色彩變化、造型變化、材料種類、外加機能、組合方法共七項。研究結果顯示，實作經驗對學生作品的造型設計與外加機能設計，有顯著的創意效果；高級與中級創意成品範例對學生作品的整體評分、主題設定、色彩變化、造型變化及外加機能，都有正面的創意效果；但是在材料種類與組合方法方面，不同創意層級的範例展示及實作經驗會有交互影響。

The purpose of this study was to discuss effects of exemplars and hands-on experiences on technological creativity of junior high school students. A quasi-experimental and two-factor research design was adapted to teaching experiment in Living-Technology curriculum. There were 231 junior high school students in Taipei county participating in this study. A product creativity scale, which included items of holistic view, subject matter, color design, styling design, material diversity, function design, and structure combination, was used to collecte data. Results of this study indicated that significant creativity effects on styling design and function design caused by factors of hands-on experiences. Moreover, high creative and medium creative exemplars showed positive effects on holistic view, subject matter, color design, styling design, and function design. Nevertheless, there were interactive effects between hands-on experiences and creative exemplars on material diversity and structure combination.

1. 吳明雄、許碧珊、饒達欽、簡明忠、陳建宏、張中一(2008)。高職學生技術創造力指標建構之研究。師大學報：教育類，53(3)，67-93。
   連結：
2. 洪久賢、洪榮昭、林麗娟、蔡長豔(2007)。影響教師創意教學因素之研究－以綜合活動領域或爲例。師大學報：教育類，52(2)，49-71。
   連結：
3. 陳學志、彭淑玲、曾千芝、邱皓政(2008)。藉由眼動追蹤儀器探討平均掃視幅度大小與創造力之關係〔測驗與評量專刊〕。教育心理學報，39，127-149。
   連結：
4. Amabile, T. M.(1996).Creativity in context.Boulder, CO:Westview Press.
5. Besemer, S. P.,O''Quin, K.,S. G. Isaksen (Ed.)(1993).Nurturing and developing creativity: The emergence of a discipline.Norwood, NJ:Ablex.
6. Besemer, S. P.,O''Quin, K.,S. Isaksen (Ed.)(1987).Frontiers of creativity research.Buffalo, NY:Dearly Limited.
7. Besemer, S. P.,Treffinger, D.(1981).Analysis of creative products: Review and synthesis.Journal of Creative Behavior,15,158-178.
8. Christensen, B. T.,Schunn, C. D.(2008).The role and impact of mental simulation in design.Applied Cognitive Psychology,22,1-18.
9. Christensen, B. T.,Schunn, C. D.(2007).The relationship of analogical distanceto analogical function and preinventive structure: The case of engineering design.Memory & Cognition,35(1),29-38.
10. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
11. Condoor, S. S.,Brock, H. R.,Burger, C. P.(1993).Innovation through early recognition of critical design parameters.Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society for Engineering Education.
12. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1996).Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention.New York:HarperCollins.
13. Gay, L. R.(1992).Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application.New York:Maxwell Macmillan International.
14. Hall, D. J.(1996).The role of creativity within best practice manufacturing.Technovation,16,115-121.
15. Hennessey, B. A.,Amabile, T. M.,R. J. Sternberg (Ed.)(1988).The nature of creativity.NY:Cambridge University Press.
16. Howe, R.(1992).Uncovering the creative dimensions of computer-graphic design products.Creativity Research Journal,5(3),233-243.
17. Jansson, D. G.,Smith, S. M.(1991).Design fixation.Design Study,12,3-11.
18. Kaartinen, S.,Kumpulainen, K.(2002).Collaborative inquiry and the construction of explanation in the learning of science.Learning and Instruction,12(2),189-212.
19. Knoll, M.(1997).The project method: Its vocational education origin and international development.Journal of Industrial Teacher Education,34(3),59-80.
20. Technology education curriculum guide grades 6-12
21. Loveless, A. M.(2002).Literature review in creativity, new technologies, and learning.Bristol, UK:NESTA Futurelab.
22. Journal of Technology Education
23. Teacher dispositions and classroom environments which support the teaching of creative and critical thinking skills
24. Moss, J.(1966).Measuring creative abilities in junior high school industrial arts.Washington, DC:American Council on Industrial Arts Teacher Education.
25. Mumford, M. D.,Baughman, W. A.,Maber, M. A.,Costanza, D. P.,Supinski, E. P.(1997).Process-based measures of creative problem-solving skills, IV: Category combination.Creat. Res. J.,10,59-71.
26. Teaching tech: Why have so many Indian engineers succeeded around the world? The Indian Institutes of Technology may be one answer
27. Olson, D. W.(1973).Tecnol-o-gee.Raleigh, NC:North Carolina University School of Education.
28. Persaud, R.(2007).Why teaching creativity requires more than just producing more 'creativity'.Thinking Skills and Creativity,2(1),68-69.
29. Technology Education Journal
30. Plucker, J. A.,Runco, M. A.(1998).The death of creativity measurement has been greatly exaggerated: Current issues, recent advances, and future directions in creativity assessment.Roeper Review,21(1),36-39.
31. Putnam, J.,Burke, J. B.(1992).Organizing and managing classroom learning communities.New York:McGraw-Hill.
32. Quilici, J. L.,Mayer, R. E.(1996).Role of examples in how students learn to categorize statistics word problems.Journal of Educational Psychology,88(1),144-161.
33. Raizen, S. A.,Sellwood, P.,Todd, R. D.,Vickers, M.(1995).Technology education in the classroom.San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
34. Innovators feted with Smithsonian Awards; Technology leaders presented awards for creativity that is benefiting society
35. Savage, E.,Sterry, L.(1990).A conceptual framework for technology education.Reston, VA:International Technology Education Association.
36. Oak middle school curriculum guide 2007-2008
37. Stanish, B.,Fberle, B.(1997).Be a problem-solver: A resource book for leaching creative problem-solving.Waco, TX:Prufrock Press.
38. Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.),Lubart, T. I.(1999).Handbook of creativity.New York:Cambridge University Press.
39. Sternberg, R. J.,Lubart, T. I.(1995).Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity.New York:Free Press.
40. Innovation space exploration: Designing your optimal creative environment
41. Vissers, G.,Dankbaar, B.(2002).Creativity in multidisciplinary new product development teams.Creativity and Innovation Management,11(1),31-42.
42. Ward, T. B.(1994).Structured imagination: The role of conceptual structure in exemplar generation.Cognitive Psychology,27,1-40.
43. Ward, T. B.(2004).Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing,19(2),173-188.
44. Ward, T. B.(2007).Creative cognition as a window on creativity.Methods,42(1),28-37.
45. 吳明隆、徐金堂(2006)。SPSS與統計應用分析。臺北市:五南。
46. 李乙明譯、李淑貞譯、R. J. Sternberg主編(2005)。創造力。臺北市:五南。
47. 李大偉、張玉山(2000)。科技創造力的意涵與教學（上）。生活科技教育，33(9)，7-14。
48. 沈翠蓮(2005)。悠遊創意奇異國。師友，462，75-80。
49. 林幸台、王木榮(1994)。威廉斯創造力測驗。臺北市:心理。
50. 林崇宏(2003)。設計概論。臺北縣:全華。
51. 創意設計教材編撰
52. 洪榮昭、康鳳梅、林展立(2003)。傑出科技創作學童創造特質分析－以機器人競賽爲例。師大學報：科學教育類，48(2)，239-254。
53. 洪榮昭、許書務(1998)。專題製作對科技創造力發展之影響分析－以多功能機器人製作爲例。技術與職業教育學報，創刊號，169-181。
54. 張玉山(2006)。創造力導向的網路化問題解決活動設計－生活科技課程的實例。生活科技教育，39(5)，48-64。
55. 張玉山、花蓮師範學院主編(2000)。教育理念與實踐。花蓮市:花蓮師範學院。
56. 張玉山、花蓮師範學院主編(2001)。九年一貫課程的理念與實踐－自然與生活科技學習領域。花蓮市:花蓮師範學院。
57. 傅學海(2002)。創意教學與模組。科學教育，249，57-60。
58. 葉玉珠(2003)。科技創造力指導手冊。臺北市:心理。
59. 詹焜能(2003)。科學創意活動舉辦經驗分享：以一個國小爲例。國教輔導，43(2)，10-13。
60. 默會知識
61. 鄭英耀、莊雪華、顏嘉玲(2008)。揭開創意教材的神秘面紗。師大學報：科學教育類，53(1)，61-85。
62. 黎文龍、黃國真(2004)。以創思設計及製作競賽爲例分析工程創造力。臺北科技大學學報，37(1)，1-14。
63. 蕭述三、吳俊諆(2003)。行政院國科會委託研究。桃園縣:國立中央大學機械工程系。
64. 魏炎順(2001)。設計與製作創造思考問題解決教學模式探討。生活科技教育，34(6)，8-19。

1. 林坤誼(2012)。科幻小說與科幻影片對激發國中生產品設計創意的效益。教育科學研究期刊，57(3)，121-151。
2. 莊孟蓉(2017)。創客教育在高中生活科技課程的實踐。中等教育，68(2)，89-97。