以事件相關腦電位探討二維和三維圖形辨識之研究

Using ERPs to Investigate Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Image Recognition

劉寶元(Bao-Yuan Liu)；劉嘉茹(Chia-Ju Liu)

二維圖形 ； 三維圖形 ； 事件相關腦電位 ； 圖形辨識 ； two-dimensional images ； three-dimensional images ； event-related potentials ； image recognition

教育科學研究期刊

57卷2期（2012 / 06 / 01）

1 - 23

繁體中文

本研究旨在以事件相關腦電位探討二維與三維圖形辨識作業的腦機制，以瞭解不同維度的圖形辨識中大腦運作的異同。研究分別以二維和三維圖形設計任務刺激進行實驗，並同步蒐集受試者之腦波進行離線分析。研究對象為20位自願參加的高中職學生。研究結果發現，二維圖形的答對率優於三維圖形，反應時間也比三維圖形短；二維與三維圖形在中線區的N1振幅和P300振幅有差異；在枕顳區的P1振幅與潛伏期有差異。因此，研究推論由視網膜傳遞不同維度的視覺訊息在視知覺的成分上已經有差異，三維圖形在視網膜上不僅只是投射二維的視覺訊息，而是有更多的視覺訊息誘發大腦的運作。本研究提供圖形辨識歷程神經生理的證據。

Debates and arguments about the differences and similarities between two-dimensional and three-dimensional image recognition have long existed. This study aims at using event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the mechanisms of human brains and the differences and similarities of brain functions when the operation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional image recognition is triggered. The experiment for this study was practiced by performing ERP tasks designed separately by using two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. Simultaneously, off-line analyses of collected brain-wave data of the experimental subjects were performed. The subjects in the experiment were 20 volunteer senior high school and vocational school students. The results of this study suggest significant differences between the amplitude from N1 and P300 in the central midline sites and from P1 in the occipitotemporal cortex while two-dimensional and three-dimensional images were displayed to the subjects. Therefore, the researchers in this study infer that because the visual sense elements of the different dimensional visual messages passed from the retina are dissimilar, what the retina receives are not simply two-dimensional visual messages projected by three-dimensional images; there is even more visual information to stimulate the cortex. Therefore, this study provides evidence of neurophysiology to confirm image recognition.

1. 林玉雯、黃台珠、劉嘉茹(2010)。探討圖形表徵與視知覺學習偏好對生物辨識學習之影響。科學教育學刊，18(6)，1-26。
   連結：
2. 韓承靜、洪蘭、蔡介立(2010)。心像旋轉中之心智表徵特性─探討圖形複雜度與整合性的影響。教育心理學報，41(3)，551-578。
   連結：
3. Barba, G. D.,Rosenthal, V.,Visetti, Y. M.(2002).The nature of mental imagery: How is the "null hypothesis"?.Behavioral and Brain Science,25(2),187-188.
4. Byrnes, J. P.、游婷雅譯(2004)。心智、大腦與學習─認識心理及教育相關之神經科學研究。臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:洪葉=Hungyeh。
5. Chase, W. G.(Ed.)(1973).Visual information processing.New York, NY:Academic Press.
6. Cooper, L. A.(1975).Mental rotation of random two-dimensional shapes.Cognitive Psychology,7(1),20-43.
7. Cooper, L. A.,Podgorny, P.(1976).Mental transformation and visual comparison processes: Effects of complexity and similarity.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,2(4),503-514.
8. Cooper, L. A.,Shepard, R. N.(1975).Mental transformation in the identification of left and right hands.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,13(3),395-404.
9. Dellantonio, A.,Spagnolo, F.(1990).Mental rotation of tactual stimuli.Acta Psychologica,73(3),245-257.
10. Eimer, M.(1998).Methodological issues in event related brain potential research.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers,30(1),3-7.
11. Eysenck, M. W.,Keane, M. T.(2000).Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook.Hove, UK:Psychology Press.
12. Gazzaniga, M. S.,Ivry, R. B.,Mangun, G. R.(1998).Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind.New York, NY:Norton.
13. Gilbert, J. K.(Ed.),Reiner, M.(Ed.),Nakhleh, M.(Ed.)(2008).Visualization: Theory and practice in science education.Dordrecht, the Netherlands:Springer.
14. Goldstein, E. B.(2002).Sensation and perception.Pacific Grove, CA:Wadsworth-Thomson Learning.
15. Goodale, M. A.,Milner, A. D.(1992).Separate visual pathways for perception and action.Trends in Neurosciences,15,20-25.
16. Handy, T. C.(2005).Event-related potentials: A methods handbook.London, UK:MIT Press.
17. Heil, M.(2002).The functional significance of ERP effects during mental rotation.Psychophysiology,39(5),535-545.
18. Ingle, D. J.(Ed.),Goodale, M. A.(Ed.),Mansfield, R. J. W.(Ed.)(1982).Analysis of visual behavior.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
19. Kasai, T.,Morotomi, T.,Katayama, J.,Kumada, T.(2003).Attending to a location in three-dimensional space modulates early ERPs.Cognitive Brain Research,17(2),273-285.
20. Kastens, K. A.,Agrawal, S.,Liben, L. S.(2009).How students and field geologists reason in integrating spatial observations from outcrops to visualize a 3-D geological structure.International Journal of Science Education,31(3),365-393.
21. Kimura, D.(1973).The asymmetry of the human brain.Scientific American,228,70-80.
22. Kosslyn, S. M.(1994).Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
23. Kosslyn, S. M.,Koenig, O.(1992).Wet mind: The new cognitive neuroscience.New York, NY:Free Press.
24. Luck, S. J.(2005).An introduction to the event-related potential technique.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
25. Martinez Peña, B.,Gil Quilez, M. J.(2001).The importance of images in astronomy education.International Journal of Science Education,23(11),1125-1135.
26. Mecklinger, A.,Meinshausen, R. M.(1998).Recognition memory for object form and object location: An event-related potential study.Memory and Cognition,26,1068-1088.
27. Mecklinger, A.,Pfeifer, E.(1996).Event-related potentials reveal topographical and temporal distinct neuronal activation patterns for spatial and object working memory.Cognitive Brain Research,4(3),211-224.
28. Mitsuoka, T.,Watanabe, C.,Torii, T.,Naka, T.,Katayama, S.,Mizusaki, N.,Matsumoto, M.(2005).Visual event-related potentials evoked by three-dimensional images in healthy controls.International Congress Series,1278,153-155.
29. Newberry, M.(2002).Pupils' understanding of diagrams in science: Progression from key stage 3 (11-14 years) and across key stage 4 (14-16 years).Fareham, UK:Cams Hill School.
30. Omoto, S.,Kuroiwa, Y.,Otsuka, S.,Baba, Y.,Wang, C.,Li, M.,Suzuki, Y.(2010).P1 and P2 components of human visual evoked potentials are modulated by depth perception of 3-dimensional images.Clinical Neurophysiology,121(3),386-391.
31. Polich, J.,Kok, A.(1995).Cognitive and biological determinants of P300: An integrative review.Biological Psychology,41(2),103-146.
32. Posner, M. I.(1980).Orienting of attention.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,32,3-25.
33. Roberts, J. E.,Bell, M. A.(2003).Two-and three-dimensional mental rotation tasks lead to different parietal laterality for men and women.International Journal of Psychophysiology,50(3),235-246.
34. Schnotz, W.(2002).Commentary: Towards an integrated view of learning from text and visual displays.Educational Psychology Review,14(1),101-120.
35. Shepard, R. N.,Cooper, L. A.(1982).Mental images and their transformations.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
36. Shepard, R. N.,Metzler, J.(1971).Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects.Science,171,701-703.
37. Shepard, R. N.,Metzler, J.(1988).Mental rotation: Effects of dimensionality of objects and type of task.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,14(1),3-11.
38. Smith, E. E.,Jonides, J.,Koeppe, R. A.(1996).Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET.Cerebral Cortex,6(1),11-20.
39. Sutherland, R.(Ed.),Mason, J.(Ed.)(1995).Exploiting mental imagery with computers in mathematics education.Berlin, Germany:Springer.
40. Tanaka, J.,Luu, P.,Weisbrod, M.,Kiefer, M.(1999).Tracking the time course of object categorization using event-related potentials.NeuroReport,10(4),829-835.
41. Todd, J. T.(2004).The visual perception of 3D shape.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,8(3),115-121.
42. Toga, A. W.,Thompson, P. M.(2003).Mapping brain asymmetry.National Reviews Neuroscience,4(1),37-48.
43. Vogel, E. K.,Luck, S. J.(2000).The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process.Psychophysiology,37(2),190-203.
44. Wang, G.,Bingo, J.(2010).Three-dimensional object recognition learning alters an early ERP component of N1.Clinical Neurophysiology,121(9),1473-1480.
45. Wang, G.,Kameda, S.(2005).Event-related potential component associated with the recognition of three-dimensional objects.Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology,16(7),767-771.
46. Wang, G.,Suemitsu, K.(2007).Object recognition learning differentiates the representations of objects at the ERP component N1.Clinical Neurophysiology,118(2),372-380.
47. Wu, H.-K.,Shah, P.(2004).Exploring visuospatial thinking in chemistry learning.Science Education,88(3),465-492.
48. Zeki, S.(1993).A vision of the brain.Oxford, UK:Blackwell.
49. 周泰立、陸偉明、鄭秋瑾、吳瑞屯(1996)。刺激複雜度與呈現方式對心象旋轉之不同階段的影響。中華心理學刊，38(1)，31-40。
50. 梅錦榮(1991)。神經心理學。臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:桂冠=Laureate。
51. 鄭麗玉(2009)。認知心理學：理論與應用。臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:五南=Wu-Nan Book。

1. 林姿儀(2017)。應用腦波偵測於演化策略建立嫌犯辨識系統。淡江大學資訊管理學系碩士班學位論文。2017。1-88。