题名

Zoonoses, pandemics and studies on practices, environmental drivers and mechanisms involved in pathogen spillover to humans: online educational and informative resources

作者

Aldo T. Marrocco

关键词

Educational resources ； pathogen spillover ； deforestation ； loss of biodiversity ； supply chain ； immunosuppression ； pandemic

期刊名称

中華防災學刊

卷期/出版年月

14卷2期（2022 / 09 / 01）

页次

195 - 210

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

The article presents informative and educational resources, freely downloadable from the internet, that may help readers to understand the mechanisms involved in pathogen spillover from animals, mostly wildlife, to humans. Hunting and butchering of wild animals, particularly in certain geographic areas, are linked to risk of infection. The sanitary risks increase along a stressful and long lasting supply chain; here, captured animals of different origin and species mixed together suffer transport overcrowding. In fact, this implies immunosuppression, increased vulnerability to pathogens, and offers the opportunity for viral exchange between animals. Biodiversity losses, including the extirpation of predators from certain habitats, may lead to changes in the animal populations and in the pathogens which these latter may carry. In some cases, for instance, this may imply a higher infection probability for the arthropods feeding on the blood of these animals, and consequent higher transmission rates of arthropod-borne diseases to humans. The migration of animals consequent to destruction or fragmentation of forests, as well as human encroachment into wildlife habitats may increase human-wildlife interaction and risk of disease transmission. In some cases, pathogen transmission to other wildlife animals or humans may occur trough ingestion of fruit infected by bat saliva or faeces. Movement of troops and human migration linked with the war may spread infections, while also hindering contact tracing. Destruction of health infrastructures, road systems, and telecommunications consequent to the war may result in late detection of new pathogens and delayed implementation of control measures. At the same time, improper use of drugs may result in antibiotic resistance. Since humans and animals often share the same ecosystems and the same microbes, the solution of a sanitary problem requires communication and collaboration between animal and human health sectors. This is the so-called ＂One health＂ approach. Financing from international sources can be necessary to strengthen the sanitary systems of the poorest countries. This may prevent pathogens from circulating a long time before being detected, which may contribute to pandemic risk. It also seems clear that a global level collaboration should also focus on the effects of deforestation and biodiversity loss, even considering the direct consequences that they have on human health.
主题分类 工程學 > 市政與環境工程
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