英文摘要
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This article investigates the concept of landscape in literary thought and its relation to that of nature, especially to the notion of shanshui 山水 in the classical Chinese literary tradition. In contemporary studies of shanshui shi 山水詩, or landscape poetry, theoretical observations have been largely directed at our conception of nature in general and at external objects in particular. During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when the Jesuits attempted to introduce Christianity to Chinese literati via recourse to European higher learning (scientia), the concept of nature in Aristotelian natural philosophy became introduced into classical Chinese scholarship, especially the notion of "investigating external objects" (gewu 格物). Yet, the Jesuits tended to use Chinese terms such as tiandi 天地or wanwu 萬物, but not ziran 自然, to translate and interpret the term "nature" and its related conceptions. Therefore, the rise and subsequent discussion of landscape poetry in the classical Chinese literary tradition was unrelated to the classical concept of ziran. And it was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that there occurred the rendition of the Western term "nature" into its Chinese equivalent ziran. In the classical Chinese literary tradition, the poet places himself directly within the natural setting, and nature in poetry is surely a record of, and medium for, personal affectivity. Against such a background, the Chinese mind tried to find an objective correlation between inner feelings and external objects, and landscape poetry in its totality has been esteemed as a manifestation of harmony between man and nature. Following Chris Fitter's statement that "landscape-consciousness" always in fact "subsists within broader, historically local structures of 'nature-sensibility' that condition, direct and limit it," I examine here the concept of landscape and its variants in literary thought. With the introduction of the concept of landscape in its Western context - that is, nature being viewed as "not so much a state as a process", and landscape being never "still within the frame" - I hope to provide a new framework to further studies of landscape and nature in poetry.
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蔡英俊(2017)。「自然」概念的發展及其意義的轉換。政大中文學報,27,9-43。
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