中國租界區的英文報與南京國民政府戰前的國際宣傳

The Treaty-Port Newspapers in China and the Nanjing KMT Government's International Propaganda before the Outbreak of the Full-Scale Sino-Japanese War

10.6123/JCRP.2015.006

魏舒歌(Shu-Ge Wei)

國際宣傳 ； 租界區報紙 ； 英文報 ； 南京國民政府 ； 新聞政策 ； international propaganda ； the treaty-port newspapers ； English-language newspapers ； the Nanjing KMT government ； news policy

傳播研究與實踐

5卷1期（2015 / 01 / 01）

157 - 177

繁體中文

租借區的英文報是中國報界的重要組成部分。然而這種媒體形式在學界一直被認為是殖民者的喉舌而未被納入到中國新聞界的考察範圍。租界區媒體通常具備多國背景且互相競爭激烈。而正是這一難以掌控的媒體，成為國際宣傳資源匱乏的南京國民政府寶貴的對外宣傳資源。本文首先考察租界區英文報界複雜的媒體環境，而後討論國民黨政府在中日全面戰爭爆發前對此媒體的管制和滲透。面對租界區媒體身分模糊，信源隱蔽的狀態，國民黨各部分勢力亦順從這一趨勢，在潛入租界區英文報界以及爭奪英文媒體資源的過程中，隱藏黨派背景以求保持信源的可信度。同時，這一過程為中國日後開展國際宣傳積攢了廣泛的人脈網絡，並為董顯光在中日戰爭全面爆發後所推廣的隱性宣傳政策打下了堅實的基礎。

The treaty-port newspapers played an important part in China's press history. Considered as mouthpieces of colonial empires, however, they haven't been recognized as part of China's press worthy of scholarly attentions. Typically with multi-national backgrounds and intensely competing with one another, these English-language newspapers were the kind of media hard to control, which naturally made them valuable outreach resources for the Nanjing KMT government with its international propaganda purposes to serve. Intrigued by this particular role played by these treatyport newspapers, the essay examines first the complicated media environment for their operations. It then explores how the Nanjing KMT government endeavored to regulate and penetrate these newspapers before the outbreak of the full-scale Sino-Japanese War. Characterized by their ambiguity in media identity and the obscurity of their news sources, these treaty-port newspapers somehow influenced those KMT officers who sought to voice through them. Various KMT groups and factions tended to conceal their party links and factional identities in order to secure smooth penetrations. Such penetrations not only greatly expanded the Nanjing KMT government's information contacts and networks, but also laid the foundation for the covert news policy endorsed by Hollington Tong after the outbreak of the full-scale Sino-Japanese War.

1. 江蘇省政府（1929）。《江蘇省政府公報第14 期》。江蘇：江蘇省政府秘書處
2. The China Weekly Review. (1930). The Chinese nation. The China Weekly Review, 235
3. 李炳瑞（1932）。〈國際宣傳〉，燕京大學新聞學系（編），《新聞學研究》，頁122-124。上海：良友
4. 中國國民黨中央執行委員會秘書處（1930）。〈國際宣傳工作〉，《中央黨務月刊》，28：225-227
5. Chao, T. M.-H. (1931). The foreign press in China. Shanghai: Institute of Pacific Relations
6. The China Weekly Review. (1929). Overlooking the point in the NCDN case. The China Weekly Review, 527
7. MacMurray, J. V. A. (1929.03.12). The Minister in China (MacMurray) to the Secretary of State [Letter to the Secretary of State]. Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1929, 2, 757-758. United States Department of State, Washington, DC
8. Mayer, F. (1928.03.21). The chargé in China (Mayer) to the Secretary of State [Letter to the Secretary of State]. Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1928, 2, 125-130. United States Department of State, Washington, DC
9. 中國國民黨執行委員會西南執行部（1932）。《中國國民黨中央執行委員會西南執行部黨務年刊》。廣州：中央國民黨執行委員會西南執行部秘書處
10. North China Daily News and Herald. (1929). China's attempt to muzzle the foreign press; an account of the endeavors of Nanking to suppress the truth about affairs in China. Shanghai: Author
11. Shanghai Municipal Police.(1924). Principal newspaper correspondents in Shanghai who send news abroad to supplement what is given out by the regular agencies. Shanghai Municipal Police Files (I-O-9121). National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC
12. Ransome, A. (1927). The Shanghai mind: An obstacle to British policy. The Manchester Guardian, 9
13. Gauss, C. E. (1935.02.18). [Letter to the Secretary of State]. Confidential U.S. State Department central files (893.91/18). National Archives, Washington, DC
14. 江蘇省政府（1929）。《江蘇省政府公報第28 期》。江蘇：江蘇省政府秘書處
15. The New York Times.(1929). Nanking threatens British paper ban. The New York Times, 5
16. The China Weekly Review. (1929). Putman Weale and his “new wrder” in Peiping. The China Weekly Review, 416-417
17. 中國國民黨（1931 年9 月25 日）。〈一般資料—民國二十一年（五）〉，蔣中正總統文物（入藏登錄號002000001446A）。國史館，臺北
18. The New York Times. (1929). Nanking in drive on correspondents. The New York Times, 6
19. 中國國民黨（1933 年3 月14 日）。〈籌筆—統一時期（八十）〉，蔣中正總統文物（入藏登錄號002000000096A）。國史館，臺北
20. Powell, J. B. (1920.06). John B. Powell to Military Attaché. Winston George Lewis papers (MLMSS 7594/5). State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
21. Ch'en, T.-H. (1937). The English-Language daily press in China. Beijing: Peiping
22. London Times. (1929). Postal ban on Shanghai Newspaper. London Times, 15
23. The China Critic. (1928). Foreword. The China Critic, 1(1), 1
24. MacMurray, J. V. A.(1929.02.13). The Minister in China (MacMurray) to the Secretary of State [Letter to the Secretary of State]. Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1929, 2, 754. United States Department of State, Washington, DC
25. Pekins, M. F. (1930.05.08). [Letter to the Secretary of State]. Confidential U.S. State Department central files (893.911/261). National Archives, Washington, DC
26. Pacific Affairs. (1930). Reflections: Editorial opinion on the Pacific. Pacific Affairs, 3, 688-692
27. Shanghai Municipal Police. (1934.12.11). List of periodicals not obtained by special branch. Shanghai Municipal Police Files (D5482). National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC
28. 中國國民黨（1929 年8 月12 ~ 18 日）。〈中央宣傳部一週工作概況〉，會議紀錄（檔號3.3 ／ 50）。中國國民黨黨史館，臺北
29. Abend, H. (1943). My life in China, 1926-1941. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company
30. Gilbert, R. (1926.08.22). [Letter to J.O.P. Bland]. Winston George Lewis papers (MLMSS 7594/5/1). State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
31. Lin, Y.-T. (1936). A history of the press and public opinion in China. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press
32. The People's Tribune. (1933). The turning point in the history of the Chinese republic. The People Tribute, 3(11), 382
33. 王伯衡（1930）。〈中國之西字報〉，黃天鵬（編），《民國叢書（第二編第四十八冊）》。上海：上海書店
34. Chen, S.-F. (1930). What ails the press of Shanghai? The China Critic, 221-225
35. The China Weekly Review.(1930). Weekly paper makes first appearance. The China Weekly Review, 152
36. Carl, C. (1935). Newspaper directory of China, including Hong Kong. Shanghai: Carl Crow
37. Bickers, R.(1999).Britain in China: Community culture and colonialism, 1900-1949.Manchester, UK:Manchester University Press.
38. Cohen, W. I.(1978).The Chinese connection: Roger S. Greene, Thomas W. Lamont, George E. Sokolsky and American-East Asian relation.New York, NY:Columbia University Press.
39. Goodman, B.(2004).Networks of news: Power, language and transnational dimensions of the Chinese press, 1850-1949.The China Review,4(1),1-10.
40. Qian, S.-Q.(2012).Gentlemen of the critic: English-speaking liberal intellectuals in Republican China.China Heritage Quarterly,30/31
41. Rosholt, M. L.(1994).The press corps of old Shanghai.Rosholt, WI:Rosholt House.
42. Volz, Y. Z.,Lee, C.-C.(2009).American pragmatism and Chinese modernization: Importing the Missouri model of journalism education to modern China.Media Culture and Society,31,711-730.
43. Wagner, R. G.(1995).The role of the foreign community in the Chinese public sphere.The China Quarterly,142,423-443.
44. Wagner, R. G.(2012).Don't mind the gap! The foreign-language press in late Qing and Republican China.China Heritage Quarterly,30/31
45. Wagner, R. G.(2007).Joining the global public: Word, image, and city in early Chinese newspapers, 1870-1910.New York, NY:State University of New York Press.
46. Wakeman, F. E.(1996).Shanghai badlands: Wartime terrorism and urban crime, 1937-1941.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
47. Wei, S.(2014).Beyond the front line: China's rivalry with Japan in the Englishlanguage press over the Jinan Incident, 1928.Modern Asian Studies,48,188-224.
48. 上海市檔案館(1990)。上海抗敵後援會。上海:檔案。
49. 中國第二歷史檔案館(2000)。中國國民黨中央執行委員會常務委員會會議錄。桂林:廣西師範大學出版社。
50. 中國第二歷史檔案館(2000)。中國國民黨中央執行委員會常務委員會會議錄。桂林:廣西師範大學出版社。
51. 戈公振(1964)。中國報學史。臺北:臺灣學生書局。
52. 方漢奇(2002)。中國新聞傳播史。北京:人民大學。
53. 王曉嵐(2001)。喉舌之戰：抗戰中的新聞對壘。桂林:廣西師範大學出版社。
54. 吳義雄(2013)。在華英文報與近代早期的中西關係。北京:社會科學文獻出版社。
55. 忻平(1996)。從上海發現歷史—現代化進程中的上海人及其社會生活，1927-1937。上海:上海人民。
56. 周佳榮(2007)。近代日人在華報業活動。香港:三聯書店。
57. 高郁雅(2005)。國民黨的新聞宣傳與戰後中國政局變動，1945-1949。臺北:國立臺灣大學出版委員會。
58. 陳紅民(2003)。函電裡的人物關係與政治：讀哈佛燕京圖書館藏胡漢民往來函電稿。北京:三聯書店。
59. 曾虛白(1966)。中國新聞史。臺北:國立政治大學新聞研究所。
60. 馮悅(2008)。日本在華官方報：英文華北正報（1919-1930）研究。北京:新華。
61. 董顯光(1973)。董顯光自傳：一個農夫的自述。臺北:臺灣新生報。
62. 劉景修(1990)。抗戰時期國民黨對外宣傳紀事。檔案史料與研究，1990(1)，82-87。
63. 樂羽嘉(2012)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學文學院歷史學系。