電腦科技媒介與人機關係：基德勒媒介理論中的電腦

Computers as Technological Media, and Human-Machine Relations: Computers in Kittler's Media Theory

10.6123/JCRP.2017.014

林思平(Lin, Szuping)

基德勒 ； 電腦 ； 數位科技 ； 科技媒介 ； 軟體 ； Kittler ； computer ； digital technology ； technological media ； software

傳播研究與實踐

7卷2期（2017 / 07 / 01）

33 - 62

繁體中文

本文首先討論基德勒媒介理論中關於書寫、類比以至數位科技的發展，聚焦於數位電腦作為科技媒介的特質與其發展過程代表的意義：電腦成為主體、成為終結統御一切媒介的媒介。而當科技發展至此，電腦運作於人類的情境，標示著基德勒對於電腦科技媒介的闡述。由此本文第二個部分探討基德勒媒介理論中，電腦與人類的關係：電腦的硬體模式與軟體運作性質，電腦如何決定了我們的處境；以及在此處境下，如何思考相關的科技權力、使用者處境與人機倫理關係。

The first part of this essay discusses Friedrich Kittler's media theory to analyze the development of media from writing, through analog technology, and finally to digital technology. The focus is on the character of the computer as technological media and the meanings it represents: computers themselves becoming subjects, as well as being the medium to rule and end all media. When computers develop in this manner, Kittler's media theory puts emphasis on how computers operate upon humans, and this situation faced by humans. Thus, the second part of the essay discusses the hardware operation and software function of computers, and their relations with humans in Kittler's media theory, as Kittler demonstrates how computers ＂determine our situation.＂ Moreover, the essay deliberates on how the concepts of power and ethics relate to Kittler's media theory that regards computer as technological media. Kittler's media theory brings significant insight into how human beings define themselves and interact with machine/ technology in the 21st century.

1. 程麟雅（1995）。〈模控學Cybernetics〉，《圖書館學與資訊科學大辭典》。取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1680018/
2. 詹昭能（2000）。〈形式語言Formal Language〉，《教育大辭書》。取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1305649/
3. 國家教育研究院（2003）。〈回饋迴路feedback loop〉，《資訊與通信術語辭典》。取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1278360/
4. Sanders, S. (2016, November 8). Did social media ruin election 2016? NPR. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2016/11/08/500686320/did-social-media-ruinelection-2016
5. 張真誠（2000）。〈形式語言Formal Language〉，《教育大辭書》。取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1313839/
6. NPR Staff. (2016, November 21). Scholars delve deeper into the ethics of artificial intelligence. NPR. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/21/502905772/scholars-delve-deeper-into-the-ethics-of-artificial-intelligence
7. 風傳媒（2016 年11 月13 日）。〈教宗支持川普？希拉蕊買非法軍火？臉書假新聞幫助川普當選　祖克伯：無稽之談〉。取自https://tw.mobi.yahoo.com/sports/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%AE-%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E8%95%8A%E8%B2%B7%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95%E8%BB%8D%E7%81%AB-%E8%87%89%E6%9B%B8%E5%81%87%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E6%B3%9B%E6%BF%AB%E5%B9%AB%E5%8A%A9%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%AE%E7%95%B6%E9%81%B8-%E7%A5%96%E5%85%8B%E6%9F%8F-%E7%84%A1%E7%A8%BD%E4%B9%8B%E8%AB%87-002800300.html
8. 數位時代（2016 年1 月8 日）。〈一窺Facebook 演算法的秘密： 你每天看什麼都是它決定！〉，《數位時代》。取自https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/38429/BN-2016-01-08-101522-178
9. Kant, I. (1949). The philosophy of Kant: Immanuel Kant's moral and political writings. New York, NY: Modern Library.
10. Price, R. (2016, November 17). A report that fake news 'outperformed' real news on Facebook suggests the problem is wildly out of control. Business Insider. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/fake-news-outperformed-realnews-on-facebook-before-us-election-report-2016-11
11. 維基百科（2017b）。〈自由及開放原始碼軟體〉。取自https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8F%8A%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6
12. 維基百科（2017a）。〈中央處理器〉。取自https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8
13. Anderson , M.(Ed.),Anderson, S. L.(Ed.)(2011).Machine ethics.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
14. Bell, D.(2006).Cybercultures: Critical concepts in media and cultural studies.New York, NY:Routledge.
15. Bickenbach, M.(2011).Blindness or insight? Kittler on culture.Thesis Eleven,107(1),39-46.
16. Huber, J.(Ed.)(1993).Raum und verfahren.Basel, Switzerland:Stroemfeld/Roter Stern.
17. Ikoniadou, E.(Ed.),Wilson, S.(Ed.)(2015).Media after Kittler.London, UK:Rowman & Littlefield International.
18. Kittler, F. A.(2006).Thinking colours and/or machines.Theory, Culture & Society,23(7-8),39-50.
19. Kittler, F. A.(2004).Universities: Wet, hard, soft, and harder.Critical Inquiry,31,244-255.
20. Kittler, F. A.(1993).Draculas Vermächtnis: Technische Schriften.Leipzig, Germany:Reclam.
21. Kittler, F. A.(Ed.)(2013).The truth of the technological world: Essays on the genealogy of presence.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
22. Kittler, F. A.(Ed.),Johnston, J.(Ed.)(1997).Literature, media, information systems: Essays.Amsterdam, The Netherlands:OPA.
23. Kittler, F. A.,Butler, E.(Trans.)(2013).The truth of the technological world: Essays on genealogy of presence.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
24. Kittler, F. A.,Enns, A.(Trans)(2010).Optical Media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
25. Kittler, F. A.,Enns, A.(Trans.)(2010).Optical media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
26. Kittler, F. A.,Metteer, M.(Trans.),Cullens, C.(Trans.)(1990).Discourse networks, 1800/1900.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
27. Kittler, F. A.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.)(2016).Unpublished preface to Discourse Networks.Grey Room,63,90-107.
28. Kittler, F. A.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.),Wutz, M.(Trans.)(1999).Gramophone, film, typewriter.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
29. Krämer, S.(2006).The cultural techniques of time axis manipulation: On Friedrich Kittler's conception of media.Theory, Culture & Society,23(7-8),93-109.
30. Lacan, J.,Sheridan, A.(Trans.)(1977).Écrits: A selection.New York, NY:Norton.
31. Sale, S.(Ed.),Salisbury, L.(Ed.)(2015).Kittler now: Current perspectives in Kittler studies.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
32. Sebastian, T.(1990).Technology romanticized: Friedrich Kittler's Discourse Networks 1800/1900.MLN,105,583-595.
33. Stevenson, A.(Ed.)(2010).Oxford dictionary of English.Cambridge, UK:Oxford University Press.
34. White, A.(1983).Absolute knowledge: Hegel and the problem of metaphysics.Athens, OH:Ohio University Press.
35. Winthrop-Young, G.(2011).Kittler and the media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
36. Winthrop-Young, G.,Gane, N.(2006).Friedrich Kittler: An introduction.Theory, Culture & Society,23(7-8),5-16.
37. 王國芳、郭本禹(1997)。拉岡。臺北，臺灣:生智。
38. 林思平(2008)。通俗新聞：文化研究的觀點。臺北，臺灣:五南。
39. 鄭明萱譯、McLuhan, M.(2006)。認識媒體，人的延伸。臺北，臺灣:貓頭鷹。

1. 林思平(2020)。人工智慧與媒介理論：基德勒、克拉瑪與亞馬遜Echo/Alexa。新聞學研究，142，155-199。
2. 林思平(2021)。人工智慧與人機傳播：傳播的擴充與弔詭。資訊社會研究，41，91-129。
3. (2021)。靈魂與離奇媒介：論基德勒的媒介理論。中華傳播學刊，40，231-270。