作為文化技術的媒介：基德勒的媒介理論初探

Media as Cultural Technology: Friedrich Kittler and his Media Theory

10.6123/JCRP.2017.013

唐士哲(Tang, Shih-che)

文化技術 ； 媒介理論 ； 歷史 ； 基德勒 ； 傳播本體論 ； cultural technology ； media theory ； history ； Friedrich Kittler ； ontology of communication

傳播研究與實踐

7卷2期（2017 / 07 / 01）

5 - 32

繁體中文

弗里德里希．基德勒（Friedrich Kittler）的媒介理論開啟了德國自1980年代以來的後詮釋學、反人本主義思維：一個以媒介技術的本體運作為探問依歸的文化分析。本文擬作為基德勒的媒介思想初探式整理，討論區分為兩個部分：其一是將基德勒置於德國自19世紀末期以來發展的技術哲學脈絡裡，並爬梳技術哲學如何對日後、起因自視聽裝置多元發展的文化技術研究產生影響；其二則是引介弗里德里希．基德勒（Friedrich Kittler）的媒介理論，由基德勒思想中關於媒介本體論的討論，探究其對當前傳播理論建構的啟示。本文並以基德勒的代表性作品在不同階段的發展作為討論重點，分別探討：一、論述網絡與社會配置；二、技術媒介對時間軸的操縱；三、字母作為符碼的多重銘刻性。

Friedrich Kittler's media theory led the way in the post-hermeneutic, antihumanistic current of thought in Germany since the 1980s: a cultural critique based upon inquiry into the ontic operation of media technology. The article is intended as an explorative review of Kittler's works on media theory. The discussion is divided into two parts. The first part situates Kittler in the lineage of Germanistic philosophy of technology since the late nineteenth century, and presents a synopsis of how it came to bear upon the study of cultural technology following the diversification of audio-visual devices in the 1970s. The second part then focuses on Friedrich Kittler's media theory, explicating how Kittler's materialistic take on media and culture informs contemporary theorizing about media communication. Kittler's media theory is further elaborated in terms of three dimensions: first, discursive network and the arrangement of the social; second, the manipulation of the time axis by technical media; and, third, alphabet as the code of multiple inscription.

1. Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
2. Foucault, M.(1994).The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences.New York, NY:Vintage Books.
3. Friesen, N.(Ed.)(2016).Media transatlantic: Developments in media and communication studies between North American and German-speaking Europe.Cham, Switzerland:Springer.
4. Geoghegan, B. D.(2013).After Kittler: On the cultural techniques of recent German media theory.Theory, Culture & Society,30(6),66-82.
5. Gumbrecht, H. U.(Ed.),Pfeiffer, K. L.(Ed.),Whobrey, W.(Trans.)(1994).Materialities of communication.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
6. Heidegger, M.,Lovitt, W.(Trans.)(1977).The question concerning technology, and other essays.New York, NY:Harper & Row.
7. Hjarvard, S.(2013).The mediatization of culture and society.London, UK:Routledge.
8. Innis, H. A.(1984).The bias of communication.Toronto, Canada:University of Toronto Press.
9. Innis, H. A.(2007).Empire and communications.Lanham, MD:Rowman & Littlefield.
10. Kittler, F. A.(2002).The perspective of print.Configurations,10,37-50.
11. Kittler, F. A.(2000).Eine Kulturgeschichte der Kulturwissenschaften.Munich, Germany:Fink.
12. Kittler, F. A.(2009).Towards an ontology of media.Theory, Culture & Society,26(2-3),23-31.
13. Kittler, F. A.(2004).Universities: Wet, hard, soft, and harder.Critical Inquiry,31,244-255.
14. Kittler, F. A.(2015).Authorship and love.Theory, Culture and Society,32(3),15-47.
15. Kittler, F. A.(1997).Literature, media, information systems: Essays.Amsterdam, BV:OPA.
16. Kittler, F. A.(1996).The history of communication media.ctheory.net,ga114
17. Kittler, F. A.(Ed.)(1980).Austreibung des Geistes aus den Geisteswissenschaften: Programme des Poststrukturalismus.Paderborn, Germany:Ferdinand Schoningh.
18. Kittler, F. A.,Butler, E.(Trans.)(2013).The truth of the technological world: Essays on genealogy of presence.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
19. Kittler, F. A.,Enns, A.(Trans)(2010).Optical media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
20. Kittler, F. A.,Enns, A.(Trans.)(2010).Optical media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
21. Kittler, F. A.,Metteer, M.(Trans.),Cullens, C.(Trans.)(1990).Discourse networks, 1800/1900.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
22. Kittler, F. A.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.)(2006).Thinking colours and/or machines.Theory, Culture & Society,23(7-8),39-50.
23. Kittler, F. A.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.)(2006).Number and numeral.Theory, Culture & Society,23(7-8),51-61.
24. Kittler, F. A.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.),Wutz, M.(Trans.)(1999).Gramophone, film, typewriter.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
25. Kittler, F.A.,Banz, S.(1996).Platz der Luftbrücke: Ein Gespräch.Berlin, Germany:Oktagon.
26. Krämer, S.(2006).The cultural techniques of time axis manipulation: On Friedrich Kittler's conception of media.Theory, Culture & Society,23(7-8),93-109.
27. Krämer, S.,Bredekamp, H.(2013).Culture, technology, cultural techniques - Moving beyond text.Theory, Culture & Society,30(6),20-29.
28. Luhmann, N.,Cross, K.(Trans.)(2000).The reality of the mass media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
29. Macho, T.(2013).Second-order animals: Cultural techniques of identity and identification.Theory, Culture & Society,30(6),30-47.
30. McLuhan, M.(1964).Understanding media: The extensions of man.London, UK:Routledge.
31. Mumford, L.(1963).Technics and civilization.San Diego, CA:Hrvest Book.
32. Peters, J. D.(2006).Strange sympathies: Horizons of media theory in America and Germany.annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Amerikastudien,Gottingen, Germany:
33. Peters, J. D.(2015).The marvelous clouds: Toward a philosophy of elemental media.Chicago, IL:The University of Chicago Press.
34. Schmandt-Besserat, D.(1996).How writing came about.Austin, TX:University of Texas Press.
35. Siegert, B.(2011).The map is the territory.Radical Philosophy,169,13-16.
36. Siegert, B.,Peters, J. D.(Trans)(2012).Doors: On the materiality of the symbolic.Grey Room,47,6-23.
37. Siegert, B.,Repp, K.(Trans.)(1999).Relays: Literature as an epoch of the postal system.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
38. Siegert, B.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.)(2007).Cacography or communication? Cultural techniques in German media studies.Grey Room,29,26-47.
39. Siegert, B.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.)(2013).Cultural techniques: Or the end of the intellectual postwar era in German media theory.Theory, Culture & Society,30(6),48-65.
40. van Loon, J.(2008).Media technology: Critical perspectives.Maidenhead, UK:Open University Press.
41. Vismann, C.,Winthrop-Young, G.(Trans.)(2008).Files: Law and media technology.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
42. Vogl, J.,Hanrahan, B.(Trans.)(2007).Becoming-media: Galileo's telescope.Grey Room,29,14-25.
43. Winthrop-Young, G.(2014).The Kultur of cultural techniques: Conceptual inertia and the parasitic materialities of ontologization.Cultural Politics,10,376-388.
44. Winthrop-Young, G.(2011).Theory and media: Kittler and the media.Cambridge, UK:Polity Press.
45. Winthrop-Young, G.(2012)."Well, what socks is Pynchon wearing today?" A Freiburg scrapbook in memory of Friedrich Kittler.Cultural Politics,8,361-373.
46. Winthrop-Young, G.(2013).Cultural techniques: Preliminary remarks.Theory, Culture & Society,30(6),3-19.
47. 朴允善、張寶芳、吳靜吉(2014)。韓國流行音樂全球化之旅：「SM 娛樂」的創新實踐。臺北，臺灣:遠流。
48. 余曉嵐譯、林文源譯、許全義譯、Latour, B.(2012)。我們從未現代過。臺北，臺灣:群學。
49. 夏春祥譯、唐士哲譯、羅世宏譯、Katz, E.ed.、Peters, J. D.ed.、Liebes, T.ed.、Orloff, A.ed.(2013)。傳播研究的典律文本：典律存在嗎？該有嗎？這些怎麼樣？。臺北，臺灣:五南。
50. 曹定人譯、Innis, H. A.、Innis, M. Q.(1993)。帝國與傳播。臺北，臺灣:遠流。

1. 江淑琳(2019)。Kittler 與書寫─打字機與電子閱讀器改變了什麼？。政治與社會哲學評論，68，57-106。
2. 林思平(2020)。人工智慧與媒介理論：基德勒、克拉瑪與亞馬遜Echo/Alexa。新聞學研究，142，155-199。
3. 林思平(2021)。人工智慧與人機傳播：傳播的擴充與弔詭。資訊社會研究，41，91-129。
4. (2021)。靈魂與離奇媒介：論基德勒的媒介理論。中華傳播學刊，40，231-270。