Effect of Home Language on the Chinese Lexical Ability of 6-year-old Singaporean Children

家庭言語環境對新加坡6歲華族兒童詞彙能力的影響

10.29748/TJCSL.201506_(10).0005

潘霖妮(Puah Lynn Dee)；陳志銳(Tan Chee Lay)

詞彙能力 ； 家庭用語 ； 華語習得 ； Lexical ability ； Home language ； Chinese language acquisition

臺灣華語教學研究

10期（2015 / 06 / 01）

95 - 126

英文

新加坡以英語為主要家庭用語的華族家庭有逐年上升的趨勢。為了更好地瞭解新加坡兒童的華語能力和語言使用情況，新加坡華文教研中心展開為期兩年的研究─《新加坡華族兒童語言環境及語言使用調查》。研究項取樣自新加坡學前中心，共有1,233名6歲兒童的父母參與問卷調查，當中372名兒童參加了圖片描述測試和認字測試。本文旨在探討家庭語言環境對新加坡6歲華族兒童詞彙能力的影響。本文選取了11名來自雙薪家庭、除幼稚園老師外無其他照顧者的兒童，並將它們分為三組─以華語為主要家庭用語、以華語及英語為主要家庭用語和以英語為主要家庭用語。兒童圖片描述測試的視頻或音頻，以CHAT模式轉寫，並以CLAN系統分析其詞頻、詞種、和平均句長。研究結果顯示，三組來自不同語言背景的11名新加坡華族6歲兒童的詞彙能力，在詞頻上沒有顯著區別，但是家庭用語對詞種和平均句長有顯著影響，功能詞的缺失，使得他們難以將所習得的詞彙組詞成句。

With English language dominating social use in Singapore, there is a rising trend of English being the dominant home language in local Chinese families. To better understand children's Chinese language ability and their language exposure, the Singapore Centre for Chinese Language conducted a 2-year research project entitled ＂An Investigation of Singaporean Chinese Preschoolers' Language Use & Exposure＂. A total of 1,233 parents of Kindergarten 2 children (aged 6) participated in a survey, and 372 children of these 1,233 parents subsequently participated in a picture description and a character recognition test. This paper aims to examine the effect of home language on the Chinese lexical ability of 6-year-old Singaporean Chinese children. Eleven children from dual income family were selected and divided into three home language groups: CHL (Chinese as main home language), CEHL (Chinese and English as main home languages) and EHL (English as main home language). Video- and audio-recordings were transcribed by using CHAT transcription. Word types, word tokens and mean length of utterance were analyzed by CLAN program. Two-way ANOVA analyses with home language and gender as independent variables were performed separately on word types, word tokens and mean length of utterance. The results reveal that lexical ability of the 11 6-year-old Chinese children has no significant difference across three home language groups in terms of the lexicon acquired. However, home language has significant effect on word type and mean length of utterance. The lack of function words causes them problems in putting words together.

1. Wang, Run. 2014. Shenggang tuoersuo baoming, jiazhang louye paidui 14 xiaoshi [Parents queue 14 hours overnight for childcare registration at Seng Kang]. Lianhe Zaobao May 25:2
2. Singapore Department of Statistics. 2011. Census of Population 2010. Statistical Release 1: Demographic characteristics, education, language and religion. Singapore: Singapore Department of Statistics. Retrieved December 1, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/cop2010/census_2010_release1/cop2010sr1.pdf.
3. CHILDES (Child Language Exchange System): http://childes.psy.cmu.edu.
4. Ardila, Alfredo,Rosselli, Monica,Matute, Esmeralda,Inozemtseva, Olga(2011).Gender differences in cognitive development.Developmental Psychology,47(4),984-990.
5. Bates, Elizabeth(ed.),Tomasello, Michael(ed.)(2001).Language Development: The Essential Readings.Oxford, UK:Blackwell Publishers.
6. Bouchard, Caroline,Trudeau, Natacha,Sutton, Ann,Boudreault, Marie-Claude,Deneault, Joane(2009).Gender differences in language development in French Canadian children between 8 and 30 months of age.Applied Psycholinguistics,30(4),685-707.
7. Chew, Cheng Hai(1998).Huawen Jiaoxue Ying Zou de Luxiang.Singapore:Centre for Chinese Language and Culture, Nanyang Technological University.
8. Chin, Ying Min(2014).,Singapore:Nanyang Technological University.
9. Clark, Eve V.(1995).The Lexicon in Acquisition.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
10. Dixon, L. Quentin(2011).The role of home and school factors in predicting English vocabulary among bilingual kindergarten children in Singapore.Applied Psycholinguistics,32(1),141-168.
11. Duursma, Elisabeth,Romero-Contreras, Silvia,Szuber, Anna,Proctor, Patrick,Snow, Catherine,August, Diane,Calderon, Margarita(2007).The role of home literacy and language environment on bilinguals' English and Spanish vocabulary development.Applied Psycholinguistics,28(1),171-190.
12. Fang, Jing.(2014).,Singapore:Nanyang Technological University.
13. Goh, Hock Huan(2012).Singapore,National Institute of Education.
14. Hajek, John(ed.),Slaughter, Yvette(ed.)(2014).Challenging the Monolingual Mindset.Bristol, UK:Multilingual Matters.
15. Kaushanskaya, Margarita,Gross, Megan,Buac, Milijana(2013).Gender differences in child word learning.Learning and Individual Differences,27,82-89.
16. Li, Li,Tan, Chee Lay,Goh, Hock Huan,Lin, An-Ch,See, Yun Reei,Puah, Lynn Dee(2014).Home language and literacy environment and Singapore preschoolers' Chinese oral and written language competence.the 11th International Conference on Teaching Chinese as a Second Language,Taipei, Taiwan:
17. Li, Pearly Caiying(2013).,Singapore:Nanyang Technological University.
18. Liow, Susan Richard(2005).Home language influences literacy development.Innovation,5(3),28-29.
19. Lü, Bisong(1992).Huayu Jiaoxue Jiangxi.Beijing:Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
20. MacWhinney, Brian(2000).The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk.Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
21. Ministry of Education(2013).Nurturing Early Learners: A Curriculum for Kindergartens in Singapore-Framework for Mother Tongue Languages.Singapore:Ministry of Education.
22. Ministry of Education(2013).Nurturing Early Learners: A Curriculum for Kindergartens in Singapore-Language and Literacy.Singapore:Ministry of Education.
23. Mother Tongue Languages Review Committee(2011).Nurturing Active Learners and Proficient Users.Singapore:Ministry of Education.
24. Ong, Yong Peng.(1990).The oral Mandarin vocabulary of Singapore preschool children.Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue,3,166-172.
25. Patterson, Janet L.(2002).Relationships of expressive vocabulary to frequency of reading and television experience among bilingual toddlers.Applied Psycholinguistics,23(4),493-508.
26. Pearson, Barbara Zurer,Fernández, Sylvia,Oller, David K.(1995).Cross-language synonyms in the lexicons of bilingual infants: one language or two?.Journal of Child Language,22,345-368.
27. Puah, Lynn Dee(2010).,Singapore:Nanyang Technological University.
28. Schreuder, Robert(ed.),Weltens, Bert(ed.)(1993).The Bilingual Lexicon.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
29. Singapore Language Society (ed.)(2008).Singapore Chinese Language Teaching.Singapore:McGraw-Hill Education.
30. Umbel, Vivian M.,Pearson, Barbara Z. ,Fernández, María C.,Oller, D. K. .(1992).Measuring bilingual children's receptive vocabularies.Child Development,63(4),1012-1020.
31. Wang, Hao Shu(2014).Singapore,Nanyang Technological University.
32. Zhao, Shouhui,Liu, Yongbing,Hong, Huaqing(2007).Singaporean preschoolers'oral competence in Mandarin.Language Policy,6(1),73-94.

1. Tan, Chee Lay,Puah, Lynn Dee(2017).Home Language Environment, Socioeconomic Status and Chinese Oral Competence in Singaporean Chinese Children Aged 6.臺灣華語教學研究,14,77-100.