永恆的愛－柏拉圖《饗宴》篇研究

The Eternal Love-Study on Plato's《Symposium》

10.6279/JHSSM.2015.2(1).07

李開濟

愛情 ； 美 ； 不朽 ； 生殖力 ； 創造力 ； 默觀 ； love ； beauty ； immortal,prolific ； procreation ； contemplation

人文社會與醫療學刊

2期（2015 / 05 / 01）

135 - 153

繁體中文

本文以柏拉圖的著作《饗宴》中至善與愛形上學為研究標的。柏拉圖以戲劇性的宴會背景鋪陳、施展高妙的文學才華，引導出七位參與宴會的名人學者藝術家各自表述不同的愛情見解。起先為愛情作定義，接著做出高低分類，再溯本追源歷述愛神的樣態、愛神的來歷，愛情所追求的對象，甚至於深入到分析人性與愛情性慾的關連。藉著蘇格拉底之口，對於愛的本質定義提出追究，愛有對象性，它的本質是一種欠缺的心理狀態，所以愛的本身是不完美的，人類因渴望而感到欠缺，總是向外追求某個對象，一旦發現到美的事物之際就想據為己有，產生佔有慾，成唯一個整體，這就是愛。體體的愛想與美的對象合為一體，此時就產生後代，所以愛是一連串的追求過程加上生育的結果。人類不但在生理有繁殖能力，精神心智上亦然，擁有源源不絕的創造力，渴望不斷地創作，藝術家的作品即創生的一種型態。一般人在追求美好事物之時，同時會產生據為己有、與對象結合成一體的慾望，此時創生新生命，完成了延續自我的動作，這是自我有限，希冀延續生命於下一代，從有限走向無限，從有生有死的狀態邁向永恒的不死狀態。柏拉圖將世俗的愛情提升到至善之美的靈性層級，將普通的生理慾望與繁衍生殖力提升為精神心智上的文明創造力，這種建構的理念是一種至善之愛的形上學，他更推廣至國家城邦之大愛，著眼於制定法律、憲政體制將造福子孫於千秋萬世，對於後代的影響亙古流傳，這種生命才是不朽的生命。柏拉圖的愛是廣義的大愛，在哲學上是倫理情操的焠鍊提昇。

The Eternal Love-Study on Plato's 《Symposium》 This issue will study on Plato's 《Symposium》about theLove and Beauty. Love is always chasing beauty, it is dynamical and have effects. His mother is Penia-need, his father is Poros-resources, so the nature of love originally include in both of these two ingredient: need and create. He always needed something, always longing for something, he adores beauty. When he found the beauty, he pregnant and create, again and again. In human nature, we all love the beauty and good. Not only love but also long for to be our own forever. We are all of us prolific and pregnant, at the proper time, in body and in soul. The human nature will develop a grand family, generation to generation. Our nature urges us to procreation, develop spirit to immense, too. Love is not exactly a longing for the beautiful, but for the conception and Generation that the beautiful effects. The beautiful thing includes many kind of knowledge, such as laws, science, philosophy, music, building, institutions. The human love longing for propagation, because this is the one deathless and eternal element in our mortality. Just like the Lycurgus (830-770,B.C.) of Sparta, Solon(640-560,B.C.) of Athens. Even the lover longs for the good to be his own forever, we are bound to long for immortality as well as for the good. Love is a longing for immortality, and eternal, that is beauty. contemplate the beauty ocean, it is in everywhere, It is an everlasting loveliness which neither comes nor goes, which neither flowers nor fades, for such beauty is the same on every hand, the same then as now, here and there, this way as that way, the same to every worshiper as it is to every other.