韓語漢字語的語源譜系與領域別分佈

Linguistic Origin and Pedigree of Korean-Chinese Characters and Their Distribution in Different Areas

林先渝

韓語漢字語 ； 韓國漢字 ； 漢語彙 ； 韓中日語 ； Korean-Chinese characters ； Korean hanjaeo ； hanjaeo

韓國學報

24期（2013 / 06 / 01）

1 - 15

繁體中文

目前韓語中雖已少出現漢字，漢字語的比重也漸降低。不過，在韓語的實詞中，漢字語的比重平均仍佔五成以上，在某些領域更高。韓語漢字語源自中、韓、日，本研究先分析韓語漢字語的語源譜系，再考察漢字語在各領域的分佈。本文以「韓文學會」所編纂的《韓語辭典》中所收錄、分類的五十餘種專門漢字語詞目，作為範圍。經統計後，發現佛教漢字語數量最多，達2030個，比重佔佛教詞目的九成五，語源絕大多數出於漢傳佛教經論，是韓、中、日漢字語彙相似度最高的領域；韓醫漢字語數量與比重均高，與中醫用語多數相同；法律漢字語1707個，比重最高，多數受日系漢語影響，八成與日本漢字語彙相同或相通；其他受日語影響較深的還有政治、法律、經濟、教育、社會、哲學等領域。漢字語比重較低的如動植物、農林業、建築等領域，均以韓系漢字語為多；其他韓系漢字語較多主要分佈在歷史、民俗、傳統樂曲、傳統建築等領域。

Chinese characters are no longer commonly used in contemporary Korean language, and the percentage that hanjaeo (Korean-Chinese characters) occupy in Korean language is getting lower. Despite that, Hanjaeos still account for more than 50% in Korean. Hanjaeos originated from Chinese, Korean and Japanese. This study first analyzed the linguistic pedigree of hanjaeos followed by the distribution of hanjaeos in various areas. Based on the over 50 categories of terminological hanjaeos in the Korean Dictionary published by the Society of Korean Language, results of statistical analysis showed most of the hanjaeos in Korean are Buddhist terms for up to 2030 words, accounting for 95% of Korean Buddhist terms. A majority of these words was derived from Chinese Buddhist manuscripts, and shared the highest similarity among Korea, Chinese and Japanese. A total of 1707 hanjaeos were found to belong to law, accounting for the highest percentage. Most of these words were adopted from Japanese-Chinese characters so about 80% of these words were the same or similar to Japanese-Chinese characters. Other hanjaeos, which were influenced by Japanese, were found in areas including politics, economics, education, social science, philosophy and so on. Only a small amount of hanjaeors were found in animals and plants, agriculture and forestry and architecture, whereas most words in these areas are Korean hanjaeos.

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