印尼印度教／佛教與伊斯蘭教宗教音樂文化的互動與融合

The Interaction and Syncretism of Hinduist/Buddhist and Islamic Religious Music Cultures in Indonesia

10.29873/GMJ.200512.0005

蔡宗德(Tsung-Te Tsai)

印尼 ； 印度教／佛教 ； 伊斯蘭教 ； 音樂文化 ； 互動與融合 ； Indonesia ； Hinduism/Buddhism ； Islam ； Music Culture ； Syncretism

關渡音樂學刊

3期（2005 / 12 / 01）

107 - 124

繁體中文

儘管印尼是一個多元種族、語言與宗教的國家，但在文化上，往往呈現了某種程度的文化融合現象，其中最明顯的例子就是宗教音樂文化的融合。儘管以泛靈、多神體系爲主的爪哇傳統宗教、印度教與佛教，其宗教教義上與一神體系的伊斯蘭教有所不同，但伊斯蘭在印尼發展的過程中，由於與印尼印度教之間共同的密契主義(mysticism)特質，而達到對話的基礎，致使伊斯蘭教在印尼得以快速發展，進而替代印度教／佛教在印尼的地位。雖然如此，印度教／佛教文化並沒有因此而消失，反而成爲印尼伊斯蘭發展的基礎。正如印度詩人泰戈爾所言：「不時了解到印度教徒的情趣和習俗與爪哇人生活結合的情況，感到十分驚奇。然而，印度教在爪哇並非處於非融合狀態。爪哇人在自然的懷抱裏形成獨特的形體，肢體自然是她們自己的，但姿態是印度教。」而這種宗教文化的融合事實上也都反映在印尼的宗教音樂發展之上。爲了幫助讀者建構對印尼宗教歷史發展、社會文化體系的基本概念，以作爲了解印尼伊斯蘭宗教音樂文化的基礎，本文將以印度與伊斯蘭文化的傳入、印度教／佛教對印尼音樂文化的影響、以及伊斯蘭教與傳統印尼音樂文化的融合主要討論對象。

Indonesia is a country with different races, languages, and religions, but we can also see the cultural fusions in certain aspects. The most remarkable example is the fusion of religious music culture. Traditional Javanese religion based on animism and polytheism, Hinduism and Buddhism are all different from monotheistic Islam in tenets, but Islam achieved a rapid development, and even took the place of Hinduism and Buddhism in Indonesia, because that the common feature of mysticism between traditional Indonesian religion and Hinduism gave it a basis for dialogue. Nevertheless, Hinduism/Buddhism cultures do not disappear or lose their importance for this reason. On the contrary, they moderately incorporated with Islam with another posture and achieved their developments, and thus created religious culture system with Indonesian characteristics. Just as noted by Indian poet Tagore, ”from time to time I see the delight and custom of Hindu believers combine with lives of Javanese, I am quite surprised. However, Hinduism in Java is not in a state of non-fusion. Javanese form a unique body in the bosom of nature. Limbs are naturally theirs, but its posture, Hindu.” In fact, this kind of cultural fusion also reflects on the development of Indonesian religious music. To help readers understand the syncretism of religious music in Indonesia, this article will focus on the introduction of Hindu and Islam, the influences of Hinduism/Buddhism to the culture of Indonesian music, and the fusion of Islam and traditional Indonesian music culture.

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