英文摘要
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Shingaku was originally a type of folk music from Southeastern China which entered Nagasaki in Japan via trade routes at the beginning of the nineteenth century and became popular before the Sino-Japan War (1894-95). 'Shin' refers to the Qing dynasty of China while 'gaku' means music. The gongchepu (gongche notation) is a kind of Chinese notation which uses Chinese characters to notate pitches. Shingaku utilized a simple format of gongchepu that merely notated skeletal melodies. In addition to shingaku, gongchepu was used to notate Japanese folk music, school songs, and other music in the Edo and Meiji eras. Traditionally, the gongchepu did not notate the rhythm in detail. Therefore, it was not precise enough for Japanese people to learn a foreign music genre such as shingaku. Shingaku masters applied various devices including adding signs of beat to notate the rhythm precisely. When contrasted with a similar music genre, that of beiguan in Taiwan, which still consistently maintains the traditional format of gongchepu for transmission, shingaku masters appropriated metric and measure signs of cipher notation to gongchepu. This allows speculation as to how this new notation affected the music and teaching traditions. Furthermore, why the appropriation of signs of cipher notation was chosen to improve shingaku notation which eventually led to the decline of the gongchepu? In this paper, I examine the transformation and innovation of notation used in shingaku. I argue that behind the transformation of the notation used in shingaku, there were negotiation of the old and the new as well as ideology and process of changing a new 'other'.
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