音樂創作的心理學：自我、執行控制、創意產生

The Psychology of Musical Creativity: The Self, Executive Control, and Generation of Creative Ideas

蔡振家(TSAI, Chen-Gia)

作曲 ； 即興 ； 自我 ； 執行控制 ； 創意產生 ； composition ； improvisation ； self ； executive control ； creative idea generation

關渡音樂學刊

27期（2018 / 02 / 01）

33 - 52

繁體中文

近年來，音樂心理學的進展有目共睹，拜腦造影技術之賜，許多研究皆在音樂創造力的議題上提供了寶貴的新觀點。本文結合美學與認知神經科學，探討作曲與即興所涉及的心理歷程。本文指出，腦中的預設模式網路、執行控制網路、額下回，分別主導著音樂創造力的三個面向：自我、執行控制、創意產生。其中，跟情感自我、社會自我密切相關的中央前額葉，對於音樂創作的主體性十分重要，而即興經驗越豐富者，執行控制網路的運作越精簡、越有效率。筆者認為，在人工智慧時代中，音樂創作的本質與核心價值益顯凸出，值得音樂教育者深思。

In recent years, we have witnessed remarkable progress in the field of music psychology. Thanks to neuroimaging technology, a number of investigations have provided valuable insight into the neural mechanisms underlying musical creativity. Combining aesthetics and cognitive neuroscience, the present article aimed at analyzing the mental processes related to the acts of composition and improvisation. It was proposed that the default mode network, executive control network, and bilateral inferior frontal gyri may support the self, executive control, and generation of creative new ideas, respectively. In particular, the medial prefrontal cortex implicated in the affective self and social self plays a key role in the subjectivity of musical creativity. Previous studies showed that rich experiences in improvisation may enhance the efficiency of executive control network. The nature and core value of musical creativity were discussed in relation to artificial intelligence and musical education.

1. Addis, D. R.,Wong, A. T.,Schacter, D. L.(2007).Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration.Neuropsychologia,45(7),1363-1377.
2. Aron, A. R.,Robbins, T. W.,Poldrack, R. A.(2014).Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on.Trends Cogn Sci,18(4),177-185.
3. Beaty, R. E.(2015).The neuroscience of musical improvisation.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,51,108-117.
4. Beaty, R. E.,Benedek, M.,Silvia, P. J.,Schacter, D. L.(2016).Creative cognition and brain network dynamics.Trends Cogn Sci,20(2),87-95.
5. Beaty, R. E.,Benedek, M.,Wilkins, R. W.,Jauk, E.,Fink, A.,Silvia, P. J.,Neubauer, A. C.(2014).Creativity and the default network: a functional connectivity analysis of the creative brain at rest.Neuropsychologia,64,92-98.
6. Benedek, M.,Beaty, R.,Jauk, E.,Koschutnig, K.,Fink, A.,Silvia, P. J.,Neubauer, A. C.(2014).Creating metaphors: the neural basis of figurative language production.Neuroimage,90,99-106.
7. Benedek, M.,Borovnjak, B.,Neubauer, A. C.,Kruse-Weber, S.(2014).Creativity and personality in classical, jazz and folk musicians.Pers Individ Dif,63(100),117-121.
8. Bengtsson, S. L.,Csikszentmihalyi, M.,Ullen, F.(2007).Cortical regions involved in the generation of musical structures during improvisation in pianists.J Cogn Neurosci,19(5),830-842.
9. Berkowitz, A. L.,Ansari, D.(2008).Generation of novel motor sequences: the neural correlates of musical improvisation.Neuroimage,41(2),535-543.
10. Boccia, M.,Dacquino, C.,Piccardi, L.,Cordellieri, P.,Guariglia, C.,Ferlazzo, F.,Giannini, A. M.(2017).Neural foundation of human moral reasoning: an ALE meta-analysis about the role of personal perspective.Brain Imaging Behav,11(1),278-292.
11. Chamberlain, S. R.,Hampshire, A.,Muller, U.,Rubia, K.,Del Campo, N.,Craig, K.,Sahakian, B. J.(2009).Atomoxetine modulates right inferior frontal activation during inhibitory control: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Biol Psychiatry,65(7),550-555.
12. Chen, Q.,Yang, W.,Li, W.,Wei, D.,Li, H.,Lei, Q.,Qiu, J.(2014).Association of creative achievement with cognitive flexibility by a combined voxel-based morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity study.Neuroimage,102(Pt 2),474-483.
13. Cona, G.,Semenza, C.(2017).Supplementary motor area as key structure for domaingeneral sequence processing: a unified account.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,72,28-42.
14. Corbetta, M.,Patel, G.,Shulman, G. L.(2008).The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind.Neuron,58(3),306-324.
15. de Manzano, O.,Ullen, F.(2012).Goal-independent mechanisms for free response generation: creative and pseudo-random performance share neural substrates.Neuroimage,59(1),772-780.
16. De Pisapia, N.,Bacci, F.,Parrott, D.,Melcher, D.(2016).Brain networks for visual creativity: a functional connectivity study of planning a visual artwork.Sci Rep,6,39185.
17. Donnay, G. F.,Rankin, S. K.,Lopez-Gonzalez, M.,Jiradejvong, P.,Limb, C. J.(2014).Neural substrates of interactive musical improvisation: an FMRI study of 'trading fours' in jazz.PLoS One,9(2),e88665.
18. Etkin, A.,Buchel, C.,Gross, J. J.(2015).The neural bases of emotion regulation.Nat Rev Neurosci,16(11),693-700.
19. Ganzola, R.,Duchesne, S.(2017).Voxel-based morphometry meta-analysis of gray and white matter finds significant areas of differences in bipolar patients from healthy controls.Bipolar Disord,19(2),74-83.
20. Gao, Z.,Zhang, D.,Liang, A.,Liang, B.,Wang, Z.,Cai, Y.,Liu, M.(2017).Exploring the associations between intrinsic brain connectivity and creative ability using functional connectivity strength and connectome analysis.Brain Connect,7(9),590-601.
21. Harris, R.,de Jong, B. M.(2015).Differential parietal and temporal contributions to music perception in improvising and score-dependent musicians, an fMRI study.Brain Res,1624,253-264.
22. Harris, R.,van Kranenburg, P.,de Jong, B. M.(2016).Behavioral quantification of audiomotor transformations in improvising and score-dependent musicians.PLoS One,11(11),e0166033.
23. Hartwright, C. E.,Apperly, I. A.,Hansen, P. C.(2014).Representation, control, or reasoning? Distinct functions for theory of mind within the medial prefrontal cortex.J Cogn Neurosci,26(4),683-698.
24. Holm-Hadulla, R. M.,Koutsoukou-Argyraki, A.(2017).Bipolar disorder and/or creative bipolarity: Robert Schumann's exemplary psychopathology - combining symptomatological and psychosocial perspectives with creativity research.Psychopathology,50(6),379-388.
25. Huang, F.,Tang, S.,Sun, P.,Luo, J.(2018).Neural correlates of novelty and appropriateness processing in externally induced constraint relaxation.Neuroimage,172,381-389.
26. Iannaccone, R.,Hauser, T. U.,Staempfli, P.,Walitza, S.,Brandeis, D.,Brem, S.(2015).Conflict monitoring and error processing: new insights from simultaneous EEG-fMRI.NeuroImage,105,395-407.
27. Jauk, E.,Neubauer, A. C.,Dunst, B.,Fink, A.,Benedek, M.(2015).Gray matter correlates of creative potential: a latent variable voxel-based morphometry study.Neuroimage,111,312-320.
28. Jiao, B.,Zhang, D.,Liang, A.,Liang, B.,Wang, Z.,Li, J.,Liu, M.(2017).Association between resting-state brain network topological organization and creative ability: Evidence from a multiple linear regression model.Biol Psychol,129,165-177.
29. Jung, R. E.,Grazioplene, R.,Caprihan, A.,Chavez, R. S.,Haier, R. J.(2010).White matter integrity, creativity, and psychopathology: disentangling constructs with diffusion tensor imaging.PLoS One,5(3),e9818.
30. Leech, R.,Sharp, D. J.(2014).The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease.Brain,137(Pt 1),12-32.
31. Lima, C. F.,Krishnan, S.,Scott, S. K.(2016).Roles of supplementary motor areas in auditory processing and auditory imagery.Trends Neurosci,39(8),527-542.
32. Limb, C. J.,Braun, A. R.(2008).Neural substrates of spontaneous musical performance: an fMRI study of jazz improvisation.PLoS One,3(2),e1679.
33. Liu, S.,Erkkinen, M. G.,Healey, M. L.,Xu, Y.,Swett, K. E.,Chow, H. M.,Braun, A. R.(2015).Brain activity and connectivity during poetry composition: toward a multidimensional model of the creative process.Hum Brain Mapp,36(9),3351-3372.
34. Loui, P.(2018).Rapid and flexible creativity in musical improvisation: review and a model.Ann N Y Acad Sci
35. Lu, J.,Yang, H.,He, H.,Jeon, S.,Hou, C.,Evans, A. C.,Yao, D.(2017).The multipledemand system in the novelty of musical improvisation: evidence from an MRI study on composers.Front Neurosci,11,695.
36. Lu, J.,Yang, H.,Zhang, X.,He, H.,Luo, C.,Yao, D.(2015).The brain functional state of music creation: an fMRI study of composers.Sci Rep,5,12277.
37. Marron, T. R.,Lerner, Y.,Berant, E.,Kinreich, S.,Shapira-Lichter, I.,Hendler, T.,Faust, M.(2018).Chain free association, creativity, and the default mode network.Neuropsychologia
38. Maslow, AH. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396
39. Mayseless, N.,Eran, A.,Shamay-Tsoory, S. G.(2015).Generating original ideas: The neural underpinning of originality.Neuroimage,116,232-239.
40. Mayseless, N.,Shamay-Tsoory, S. G.(2015).Enhancing verbal creativity: modulating creativity by altering the balance between right and left inferior frontal gyrus with tDCS.Neuroscience,291,167-176.
41. Moessnang, C.,Otto, K.,Bilek, E.,Schafer, A.,Baumeister, S.,Hohmann, S.,Meyer-Lindenberg, A.(2017).Differential responses of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and right posterior superior temporal sulcus to spontaneous mentalizing.Hum Brain Mapp,38(8),3791-3803.
42. Paul, E.(ed.),Kaufman, S.(ed.)(2014).The Philosophy of Creativity.New York:Oxford University Press.
43. Pinho, A. L.,de Manzano, O.,Fransson, P.,Eriksson, H.,Ullen, F.(2014).Connecting to create: expertise in musical improvisation is associated with increased functional connectivity between premotor and prefrontal areas.J Neurosci,34(18),6156-6163.
44. Pinho, A. L.,Ullen, F.,Castelo-Branco, M.,Fransson, P.,de Manzano, O.(2016).Addressing a paradox: dual strategies for creative performance in introspective and extrospective networks.Cereb Cortex,26(7),3052-3063.
45. Qin, P.,Northoff, G.(2011).How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network?.Neuroimage,57(3),1221-1233.
46. Raichle, M.E.、涂可欣譯(2010)。大腦暗能量。科學人，99，36-41。
47. Rosen, D. S.,Erickson, B.,Kim, Y. E.,Mirman, D.,Hamilton, R. H.,Kounios, J.(2016).Anodal tDCS to right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex facilitates performance for novice jazz improvisers but hinders experts.Front Hum Neurosci,10,579.
48. Sadie, S.(ed.)(2001).New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.New York:Oxford University Press.
49. Saggar, M.,Quintin, E. M.,Bott, N. T.,Kienitz, E.,Chien, Y. H.,Hong, D. W.,Reiss, A. L.(2017).Changes in brain activation associated with spontaneous improvization and figural creativity after design-thinking-based training: a longitudinal fMRI study.Cereb Cortex,27(7),3542-3552.
50. Schiller, F.,Wilkinson, E. M.(trans.),Willoughby, L. A.(trans.)(1967).On the aesthetic education of man in a series of letters.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
51. Shi, L.,Sun, J.,Xia, Y.,Ren, Z.,Chen, Q.,Wei, D.,Qiu, J.(2018).Large-scale brain network connectivity underlying creativity in resting-state and task fMRI: Cooperation between default network and frontal-parietal network.Biol Psychol,135,102-111.
52. Taruffi, L.,Pehrs, C.,Skouras, S.,Koelsch, S.(2017).Effects of sad and happy music on mind-wandering and the default mode network.Sci Rep,7(1),14396.
53. Trost, W.,Ethofer, T.,Zentner, M.,Vuilleumier, P.(2012).Mapping aesthetic musical emotions in the brain.Cereb Cortex,22(12),2769-2783.
54. Vartanian, O.,Skov, M.(2014).Neural correlates of viewing paintings: evidence from a quantitative meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data.Brain Cogn,87,52-56.
55. Vatansever, D.,Manktelow, A.,Sahakian, B. J.,Menon, D. K.,Stamatakis, E. A.(2018).Default mode network engagement beyond self-referential internal mentation.Brain Connect
56. Wassiliwizky, E.,Koelsch, S.,Wagner, V.,Jacobsen, T.,Menninghaus, W.(2017).The emotional power of poetry: neural circuitry, psychophysiology and compositional principles.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,12(8),1229-1240.
57. Yomogida, Y.,Sugiura, M.,Sassa, Y.,Wakusawa, K.,Sekiguchi, A.,Fukushima, A.,Kawashima, R.(2010).The neural basis of agency: an fMRI study.NeuroImage,50(1),198-207.
58. 徐復觀(1974)。中國藝術精神。臺北:臺灣學生書局。
59. 高友工(2004)。中國美典與文學研究論集。臺北:臺大出版中心。
60. 陳芳英(2009)。戲曲論集：抒情與敘事的對話。臺北:國立臺北藝術大學。
61. 鈴木大拙、Fromm, E.、孟祥森譯(1971)。禪與心理分析。臺北:志文出版社。
62. 蔡振家(2011)。另類閱聽—表演藝術中的大腦疾病與音聲異常。臺北:臺大出版中心。