使用大腦神經科學協助教師改善單純注意力缺乏兒童的學習問題

Using Neuroscientific Knowledge to Help Teachers to Improve the Learning Problems in Children with ADHD-Inattention

10.6217/SEQ.2014.131.13-21

葉品陽(Ping-Yang Yeh)；陳彰惠(Chung-Hey Chen)；吳景寬(Jing-Kuan Wu)；粘晶菁(Ching-Ching Nien)

注意力缺乏兒童 ； 注意力困難 ； 執行功能 ； 選擇性注意力 ； ADHD ； attentional deficit ； selective attention ； executive function

特殊教育季刊

131期（2014 / 06 / 01）

13 - 21

繁體中文

注意力缺乏／過動症候群有三種亞型，注意力缺乏型、衝動－過動型與結合型。單純注意力缺乏兒童最易被忽略，常無法及時接受治療，耽誤寶貴的學習機會。本文嘗試運用神經科學角度檢視注意力缺乏兒童的注意力問題，以及伴隨之學習阻礙。其次，在教學現場中如何運用相關技巧改善兒童的注意力問題，提升學習品質。最後，回顧目前的評估方法，建議可使用之神經心理學評估方法，使教師更精確暸解兒童注意力如何影響學習。

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) is criteria, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) contains three subtypes: ADHD-inattention (ADHD-I), ADHD-Hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-H), and combined type (ADHD-C). Because of non-significant conduct problems, children with ADHD-I are neglected in class by teachers. Studies have found that the academic performance of children with ADHD-I were the worst among the three subtypes. We used neuroscientific knowledge to review the attentional deficits in children with ADHD-I. We also introduced some skills for children with ADHD-I in order to improve their attention deficits in class. Finally, neuropsychological assessment needed to be used for children with ADHD-I.

1. 李仁豪、葉素玲(2004)。選擇性注意力：選空間或選物體。應用心理研究，21，165-194。
   連結：
2. 郭乃文、吳玉欣、鄭玲宜(2009)。臨床心理學在台灣復健醫療領域之發展。應用心理學研究，41，109-151。
   連結：
3. 詹雅雯、陳信昭、郭乃文(2006)。注意力缺失／過動疾患不注意型與合併型之多面向注意力功能分析。臨床心理學刊，3(2)，85-92。
   連結：
4. American Psychiatric Association(2000).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR.Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Association.
5. Anderson, P.(2002).Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood.Child Neuropsychology,8(2),71-82.
6. Carbone, E.(2001).Arranging the classroom with an eye (and ear) to students with ADHD.Council For Exceptional Children,34,72-81.
7. Craik, F. I.,Bialystok, E.(2006).Cognition through the lifespan: mechanisms of change.Trends Cognitive Science,10(3),131-138.
8. de Fockert, J. W.,Rees, G.,Frith, C. D.,Lavie, N.(2001).The role of working memory in visual selective attention.Science,291(5509),1803-1806.
9. Dickstein, S. G.,Bannon, K.,Castellanos, F. X.,Milham, M. P.(2006).The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,47(10),1051-1062.
10. Ellison-Wright, I.,Ellison-Wright, Z.,Bullmore, E.(2008).Structural brain change in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identified by meta-analysis.BMC Psychiatry,8,51.
11. Engle, R. W.,Tuholski, S. W.,Laughlin, J. E.,Conway, A. R. A.(1999).Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.Journal of Experimental Psychology,128(3),309-331.
12. Fisher, M.,Loewy, R.,Hardy, K.,Schlosser, D.,Vinogradov, S.(2013).Cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in the prodromal and early phases of schizophrenia.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,9,435-463.
13. Friedman, N. P.,Miyake, A.,Corley, R. P.,Young, S. E.,Defries, J. C.,Hewitt, J. K.(2006).Not all executive functions are related to intelligence.Psychological Science,17(2),172-179.
14. Gureasko-Moore, S.,Dupaul, G. J.,White, G. P.(2006).The effects of self-management in general education classrooms on the organizational skills of adolescents with ADHD.Behavior Modification,30(2),159-183.
15. Hansen, L.,Monk, M.(2002).Brain development, structuring of learning and science education: Where are we now? A review of some recent research.International Journal of Science Education,24(4),343-356.
16. Hudspeth, W. J.,Pribram, K. H.(1990).Stages of brain and cognitive maturation.Journal of Educational Psychology,82,881-884.
17. Kane, M. J.,Engle, R. W.(2002).The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,9(4),637-671.
18. Kondo, H.,Osakab, N.,Osakac, M.(2004).Cooperation of the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for attention shifting.NeuroImage,23(2),670-679.
19. Kuhne, M.,Schachar, R.,Tannock, R.(1997).Impact of comorbid oppositional or conduct problems on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,36(12),1715-1725.
20. Lenroot, R. K.,Giedd, J. N.(2006).Brain development in children and adolescents: Insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging.Neuroscience & Biobehavoral Review,30(6),718-729.
21. Lockwood, K. A.,Marcotte, A. C.,Stern, C.(2001).Differentiation of attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder subtypes: application of a neuropsychological model of attention.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,23(3),317-330.
22. Malloy, P.,Bihrle, A.,Duffy, J.,Cimino, C.(1993).The orbitomedial frontal syndrome.Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology,8(3),185-201.
23. Martinussen, R.,Hayden, J.,Hogg-Johnson, S.,Tannock, R.(2005).A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,44(4),377-384.
24. Mayes, S. D.,Calhoun, S. L.,Crowell, E. W.(2000).Learning disabilities and ADHD: overlapping spectrumn disorders.Journal of Learning Disabilities,33(5),417-424.
25. Rizzo, A. A.,Buckwalter, J. G.,Bowerly, T.,Zaag, C. V. D.,Humphrey, L.,Neumann, U.,Sisemore, D.(2000).The virtual classroom: A virtual reality environment for the assessment and rehabilitation of attention deficits.Cyber Psychology & Behavior,3,483-499.
26. Shaw, P.,Greenstein, D.,Lerch, J.,Clasen, L.,Lenroot, R.,Gogtay, N.,Giedd, J.(2006).Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents.Nature,440(7084),676-679.
27. Swanson, J. M.,Wigal, S.,Greenhill, L. L.,Browne, R.,Waslik, B.,Lerner, M.,Cantwell, D. P.(1998).Analog classroom assessment of adderall® in children with ADHD.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,37(5),519-526.
28. Valera, E. M.,Faraone, S. V.,Murray, K. E.,Seidman, L. J.(2007).Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Biological Psychiatry,61(12),1361-1369.
29. Zentall, S. S.(1993).Research on the educational implications of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Exceptional Children,60,143-153.
30. 李宏鎰(2004)。大腦的執行功能。特殊教育季刊，90，1-7。
31. 國家教育研究院編(2011)。我國百年教育回顧與展望。臺北:國家教育研究院籌備處。
32. 張慶華、邵景進、韓曉慧(2009)。美國ADHD兒童課堂環境管理策略及啟示。心理研究，2(2)，91-94。
33. 郭乃文(2002)。非語文性注意力與記憶力測驗指導手冊。臺北:教育部特殊教育工作小組。
34. 郭乃文(2003)。博士論文(博士論文)。臺北，國立臺灣大學心理學研究所。
35. 郭乃文、余麗樺(2001)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫期中報告行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫期中報告,行政院國家科學委員會。
36. 郭乃文、陳家進、官大紳(2010)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告,行政院國家科學委員會。
37. 陳怡帆(2011)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。高雄，高雄醫學大學心理學系。
38. 廖御圻(2012)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺南，國立成功大學行為醫學研究所。

1. 林意綠(2019)。一位普通班教師進行自閉症學生融合教育之個案研究。特教論壇，27，83-100。
2. 蘇巨湧、蔡佩舒、劉羿德、陳俐蓉、李宜珊、古博文(2016)。桌球訓練對國小學童注意力向度之影響。成大體育，48(2)，33-53。