低教育程度退休者的學習歷程之探索：轉化學習的觀點

An Exploration of Low Education Level Retirees’ Learning Process: Perspectives of Transformative Learning

李雅慧(Ya-Hui Lee)；魏惠娟(Hui-Chuan Wei)

退休 ； 高齡學習 ； 轉化學習 ； Retirement ； older adult learning ； transformative learning

高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類

39期（2015 / 12 / 01）

25 - 47

繁體中文

本研究目的，主要是從低教育程度之高齡者的學習歷程，探討他們退休後參與學習的原因、持續參與學習的因素，以及參與學習之後所產生的改變。研究者採用質性研究的方法，針對12位低教育程度的退休者，進行一對一半結構式的深度訪談。研究結果顯示：1.退休者參與學習活動的原因，在於生命發展歷程遇到困境，身邊的親友或是學習機構中的志工鼓勵他們學習；2.持續深化學習的原因，在於老師人很好，很會教學、學習很有意義、出去服務得到回饋與激勵；3.退休者參與學習後，變得更有自信、身體與心理都變得更健康、從學習者變成貢獻者與教學者、找到生命的舞台，受到自我與他人的肯定；4.好的學習方案可以提供學習者舞台與機會。本研究結果，將提供制訂高齡教育政策，以及高齡教育方案之參考。

The aim of this study was to explore the older adults’ learning processes after retirement. We adopted the qualitative method and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 12 retirees. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The main reason for their participating in learning was the predicaments in life development, and they were encouraged to learn by their family, friends, or the volunteers from learning institutions. 2. The reasons for their keeping learning were excellent instructors, great teaching techniques, meaningful learning, and feedback from volunteer services 3. Through participating in learning, the retirees became more confident, had better physical and mental health, transformed from learners to contributors and instructors, found the new stage in life, and were affirmed by the self and others. 4. A good learning program can provide the learning stage and opportunities for learners. The conclusions will be the references for those making the elderly educational policies and older adult learning programs.

1. 教育部樂齡學習網(2015)。104 年度各縣市樂齡學習中心連絡電話及地址一覽表。取自http://moe.senioredu.moe.gov.tw/front/bin/ptdetail.phtml?Part=09020001&PreView=1
2. Beard, C.,Wilson, J. P.(2002).The power of experiential learning: A handbook for trainers and educators.London:Kogan Page.
3. Chang, D. F.,Lin, S. P.(2011).Motivation to learn among older adults in Taiwan.Educational Gerontology,37(7),574-592.
4. Daloz, L. A.(1999).Mentor: Guiding the journey of adult learners.San Francisco:Jossey?Bass.
5. Duay, D. L.,Bryan, V. C.(2008).Learning in later life: What seniors want in a learning experience.Educational Gerontology,34(12),1070-1086.
6. Fenwick, T.(2003).Experiential learning: Troubling orthodoxies and intersecting questions.Malabar, FL:Krieger.
7. Fisher, J. C.(1986).Participation in educational activities by active older adults.Adult Education Quarterly,36,202-210.
8. Fok, S.(2010).The meaning of the learning experiences of older adults in Hong Kong.Educational Gerontology,36(4),298-311.
9. Formosa, M.(2012).Education and older adults at the University of the Third Age.Educational Gerontology,38(2),114-126.
10. Furst, E. J.,Steel, B. L.(1986).Motivational orientations of older adults in university courses as described by factor and cluster analysis.Journal of Experimental Education,54,193-201.
11. Goodrow, B. A.(1975).Limiting factors in reducing participation in older adult learning opportunities.The Gerontologist,15(5),418-422.
12. Henschke, J.(2013).Basic characteristics and techniques for teaching ABE learners.Taiwan Andragogy Workshop,Chiayi, Taiwan:
13. Horn, R. E.(2007).Book reviews: Principles of facilitation etc.Journal of Transformative Education,5(3),286-292.
14. Kim, A.,Merriam, S. B.(2004).Motivations for learning among older adults in a learning retirement institute.Educational Gerontology,30,441-455.
15. Knowles, M. S.(1970).The modern practice of adult education: Andragogy versus pedagogy.New York:Association Press.
16. Knowles, M. S.(1980).The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy.New York:Cambridge Books.
17. Kraft, D.,Sakofs, M.(1988).The theory of experiential education.Boulder, CO:Association for Experiential Education.
18. Lamb, R.,Brady, E. M.(2005).Participation in lifelong learning institutes: What turns members on?.Educational Gerontology,31,207-244.
19. Lamdin, L.,Fugate, M.(1997).Elder learning: New frontier in an aging society.Phoenix, Arizona:Oryx Press.
20. Leung, A.,Chi, I.,Chiang, V.(2008).Chinese retirees' learning interests: A qualitative analysis.Educational Gerontology,34,1105-1121.
21. Lofland, J.,Lofland, L. H.(2005).Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis.Wadsworth:The Thomson Learning.
22. Merriam, S. B.,Caffarella, R. S.(1999).Learning in adulthood.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
23. Merriam, S. B.,Caffarella, R. S.,Baumgartner, L. M.(2012).Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
24. Merriam, S. B.,Kee, Y.(2014).Promoting community wellbeing: The case for lifelong learning for older adults.Adult Education Quarterly,64(2),128-144.
25. Mezirow, J.(1996).Contemporary paradigms of learning.Adult Education Quarterly,46(3),158-172.
26. Mezirow, J.(2002).Transformative learning: Theory to practice.New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education,74,5-12.
27. Mezirow, J.(2003).Transformative learning as discourse.Journal of Transformative Education,1(1),58-63.
28. Mezirow, J.(1991).Transformative dimensions of adult learning.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publications.
29. Mezirow, J.(Ed.),Associates(Ed.)(2000).Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Press.
30. Rachal, J. R.(2002).Andragogy's detectives: A critique of the present and a proposal for the future.Adult Education Quarterly,52(3),210-227.
31. Sandars, J.(2006).Transformative learning: The challenge for reflective practice.Work Based Learning in Primary Care,4,6-10.
32. Scala, M. A.(1996).Going back to school: Participation motives and experiences of older adults in an undergraduate classroom.Educational Gerontology,22,747-773.
33. Senge, P.(2000).Schools that learn: A fifth discipline field book for educators, parents, and everyone who cares about education.New York:The Spieler Agency.
34. Senge, P.(1990).The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization.London:Century Business.
35. Simone, P. M.,Cesena, J.(2010).Student demographics, satisfaction and cognitive demand in two lifelong learning programs.Educational Gerontology,36,425-434.
36. Truluck, J. E.,Courtenay, B. C.(1999).Learning style preferences among older adults.Educational Gerontology,25(3),221-236.
37. Wolcott, H. F.(1994).Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
38. Yeh, C. T.,Lee, Y. H.,Lu, C. Y.(2013)."Learning" is the way out: Experiences in the journey of aging.20th IAGG World Congress of Gerontology and Geriatrics,Taiwan:
39. 行政院經濟建設委員會(2012)。中華民國2012 年至2060 年人口推計。臺北:行政院。
40. 李雅慧、葉俊廷(2012)。成功老化的退休人員學習歷程之初探。教育學刊，39，41-75。
41. 胡夢鯨(1998)。成人教育學理論與模型─國中補校文科教學的一項質性研究。臺北:師大書苑。
42. 魏惠娟(2013)。創造有效的成人學習：理論與應用。T&D 飛訊，161，1-18。

1. (2019)。高齡者參與學習轉化內涵之研究。成人及終身教育學刊，32，1-29。
2. (2019)。高齡者在教育經費分配不利下參與服務學習之研究。教育政策論壇，22(4)，129-165。