利用GPS浮標監測氣象海嘯

Monitoring Meteotsunami Using GPS Buoys

林芮菁(Ruei-Jing Lin)；曾宏正(Hong-Zeng Tseng)；郭重言(Chung-Yen Kuo)；江凱偉(Kai-Wei Chiang)；林立青(Li-Ching Lin)；鄭凱謙(Kai-Chian Cheng)

全球定位系統浮標 ； 氣象海嘯 ； 動態差分定位 ； 精密單點定位 ； GPS buoy ； Kinematic Differential GPS ； Meteotsunami ； Precise Point Positioning

國土測繪與空間資訊

1卷2期（2013 / 07 / 01）

56 - 77

繁體中文

全球定位系統(Global Positioning System, GPS)浮標被證實可有效且快速地收集海水面資訊，與傳統六分鐘紀錄一筆之潮位站資料相比，1-100 Hz GPS 浮標可用於監測更高頻之海洋訊號，例如氣象海嘯和有效波高。本研究同時位於台南市安平商港內與港外進行GPS 浮標施測，並於岸上設置一固定站，分別利用GrafNav 軟體、RTKLIB 軟體、GAMIT/TRACK 軟體搭配International GNSS Service(IGS)最終產品精密星曆進行動態相對差分與精密單點定位解算，解算成果與安平潮位站資料相比，驗潮站與差分定位結果差值均方根為3~10 公分，與精密單點定位差值均方根為7～12 公分。將港內與港外GPS 浮標之動態差分定位之海水面時間序列利用希爾伯特-黃轉換(Hilbert Huang Transform, HHT)分解成數個本質模態函數(Intrinsic Mode Functions, IMFs)分量，可以成功偵測到氣象海嘯頻率，且經由比較安平港港內外浮標之IMFs 和港灣共振週期計算，發現此氣象海嘯並非由安平港港灣共振引起。

Global Positioning System (GPS) buoys have been demonstrated to effectively and economically collect sea level data. By comparing to traditional tide gauge records, 1-100 Hz GPS records can measure high-frequency oceanic signals with periods of a few seconds to a few minutes; for example, meteotsunami and significant wave height that cannot be detected from 6-minute tide gauge records. In this study, two GPS buoys were deployed inside and outside the An-ping harbor, Tainan, with an additional GPS receiver on shore as a reference station. Different softwares including GravNav, RTKLIB, and GAMIT/TRACK were used to process GPS buoy measurements, with Differential GPS (DGPS) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques and using the precise ephemerides of the final product provided by International GNSS Service (IGS). By comparing the GPS buoy positioning results derived using different softwares with An-ping tide gauge records, the Root Mean Square (RMS) of differences between tide gauge records and DGPS solution is 3~10 cm and is 7~12 cm when PPP solution is used. Finally, inside and outside of harbor GPS buoy derived sea level variations are decomposed into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) by Hilbert Huang Transformation (HHT) and the frequency of meteotsunami is successfully detected. After comparing the records of inside and outside GPS buoys and the computation of periods due to harbor resonance, meteotsunami is not amplified by harbor resonance in this area.

1. Shum, C., and M. E., Parke, 1999, Current GPS-Buoy Sea Level Research, Draft, Columbus: The Ohio State University..
2. Takasu, T., 2011, RTKLIB ver.2.4.1 Manual, RTKLIB: An Open Source Program Package for GNSS Positioning, http://www.rtklib.com/rtklib.htm (Last Checked 2013/06/05).
3. Merian, J. R., 1828, Ueber die bewegung tropfbarer flüssigkeiten in gefässen [On the motion of drippable liquids in containers], Basel: Schweighauser.
4. Nomitsu, T., 1935, A theory of tsunamis and seiches produced by wind and barometric gradient, Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, A18 (4), pp. 201-214
5. Abdel-Salam, M.,Gao, Y.,Shen, X.(2002).Analyzing the performance characteristics of a precise point positioning system.Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation(ION GPS-2002),Oregon:
6. Born, G. H.,Parke, M. E.,Axelrad, P.,Gold, K. L.,Johnson, J.,Key, K. W.,Kubitschek, D. G.,Christensen, E. J.(1994).Calibration of the TOPEX altimeter using a GPS buoy.Journal of Geophysical Research,99,24517-24526.
7. Bryant, E.(2001).Tsunami: the underrated hazard.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
8. Cheng, K.(2004).Geodetic Science ReportGeodetic Science Report,Columbus:The Ohio State University.
9. Defant, A.(1961).Physical oceanography.New York:Pergamon Press.
10. González, J. I.,Fareras, S. F.,Ochoa, J.(2001).Seismic and meteorological tsunami contributions in the manzanillo and cabo san lukas seiches.Marine Geodesy,24,219-227.
11. Hamlington, B. D.,Leben, R. R.,Godin, O. A.,Legeais, J. F.,Gica, E.,Titov, V. V.(2011).Detection of the 2010 chilean tsunami using satellite altimetry.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,11,2391-2406.
12. Héroux, P.,Kouba, J.,Collins, P.,Lahaye, F.(2001).GPS carrier-phase point positioning with precise orbit products.Proceedings of the International Symposium on Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Geomatics and Navigation (KIS 2001),Banff:
13. Herring, T. A.,King, R. W.,McClusky, S. C.(2010).Introduction to GAMIT/GLOBK.Cambridge:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
14. Hofmann-Wellenholf, B.,Lichtenegger, H.,Collins, J.(1992).GPS theory and practice.New York:Springer-Verlag.
15. Kato, T.,Terada, Y.,Kinoshita, M.,Kakimoto, H.,Isshiki, H.,Moriguchi, T.,Takada, M.,Tanno, T.,Kanzaki, M.,Johnson, J.(2001).A new tsunami monitoring system using RTK-GPS.Proceedings of U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Review and International Tsunami Symposium,Seattle:
16. Monserrat, S.,Vilibić, I.,Rabinovich, A. B.(2006).Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,6,1035-1051.
17. Rabinovich, A. B.,Monserrat, S.(1998).Generation of meteorological tsunamis (large amplitude seiches) near the balearic and kuril islands.Natural Hazards,18(1),27-55.
18. Rabinovich, A. B.,Monserrat, S.(1996).Meteorological tsunamis near the Balearic and kuril islands: descriptive and statistical analysis.Natural Hazards,13(1),55-90.
19. Vilibić, I.(2005).Numerical study of the Middle Adriatic coastal waters sensitivity to the various air pressure travelling disturbances.Annales Geophysicae,23,3569-3578.
20. Way Point Product Group(2010).GrafNav/GrafNet User Guide.Canada:
21. Young, L. E.,Wu, S. C.,Dixon, T. H.(1986).Decimeter GPS positioning for surface element of sea floor geodesy system.International Symposium on Marine Positioning,Reston:
22. Zumberge, J. F.,Heflin, M. B.,Jefferson, D. C.,Watkins, M. M.,Webb, F. H.(1997).Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks.Journal of Geophysical Research,12(B3),5005-5017.
23. 王錫祺(2008)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立中正大學地震研究所。
24. 邱士銘(2008)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立中正大學地震研究所。
25. 邱冠維(2009)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立成功大學測量及空間資訊學系。
26. 郭力豪(2009)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立交通大學土木工程研究所。