中國的三種韓國觀

10.29611/ZHWHGX.201212.0184

許怡齡

韓國觀 ； 君子國 ； 朝鮮監護論 ； 朝貢關係 ； 日本觀點 ； Perspective of Korea ； Noble Man Country ； Proposal for Superintendence of Choson ； Tributary System ； Japanese view

中韓文化關係國際學術會議論文集

21屆（2012 / 12 / 15）

184 - 193

繁體中文

在中國尚未建立中國中心體系之前的上古社會，中國所謂對外國的認知並無足夠充分的資料，混有大量的臆測及想像是極為自然的情形，甚至會先有口傳及想像， 再將之套用到某個國家身上，中國上古到唐為止所謂「君子國」的朝鮮觀即是從這樣的管道產生。這樣的方式不但代表著古代國家對於未知世界想像，也呈現了中國相對來說較無「天朝」霸權主義的時期。到了中世，中國的「宗主國—藩屬國」體制架構完成，對於周邊國家除了在外交文書、政策等處處顯示為位階上的差距，甚而干涉他國內政。此一時期在公文書上大量提及朝鮮，並處處透露出將朝鮮視為藩屬國之觀點。此一觀點投射出的，是中國自身正處於東亞霸權的中心。到了清末，中國局勢由強轉弱，以中國為中心的朝貢體系瓦解，取而代之的是日本的竄起，在政治、經濟、軍事上的領先外，還取代中國得到知識權力上的領先，成了提供周邊國家先進知識及西方文明的主流管道。這時中國對朝鮮的認識，很多時候已需要透過日本書籍才能獲得了。而這樣的過程中，中國看到的韓國就成了是日本人眼裡所看到韓國的再反射。

In the Ancient society far before China-centered system appeared, China's ”World View” doesn't based on relatively sufficient information. Normally it is a mixture of plenty assumption and imagination. There's even an oral tradition or supposition in advanced then it apply on a case of some real country. Therefore from ancient age till Tang Dynasty, in China it generates a Korea image of ”Jun Zi Guo” (Noble Man Country). This approach shows not only the imaginative faculty toward unknown world, but also a period when the ”Tien Chao” (celestial empire) hegemony not yet dominate.In the middle age, the concept of ”Tributary System” has completely constructed Thus China doesn't merely present class position differences in the diplomatic document and policy, it also interfere the internal affairs of other countries. This is a period that Chosŏn been mentioned in numerous official documents which reveal that Chosŏn been seen as a vassal state by China. This view reflects that China at th€at time is the center of Hegemony in the East Asia. While the late Qing Dynasty, the influence of China decline, the Imperial Chinese tributary system also collapse. In replace of that, Japan rise and take the preemptive opportunities. Japan keeps a leading position at the fields of politic, economy, military and knowledge. Japan takes the place of China in the leading role introducing advanced technology and western civilization. Since then mostly China get the knowledge of Chosŏn from Japanese publications. Long after, China's perspective on Korea become the reflection of what in Japan's eye.