羅馬知識人皇帝與希臘城市政治：尤利安致阿戈斯人書信研究

Roman Intellectual Emperor and Greek Civic Politics: A Research on Julian's Letter On Behalf of the Argives

10.6672/shiyuan.201909_(31).0003

王班班(Wang, Banban)

尤利安 ； 古代晚期 ； 希臘主義 ； 政治文化 ； 「請願－回覆」機制 ； Iulianus ； Late Antiquity ； Hellenism ； political culture ； petition-response mechanism

史原

復刊10期=31期（2019 / 09 / 01）

117 - 170

繁體中文

本文處理皇帝尤利安（Julian, 331-363，361-363在位）的一篇書信，即《代表阿戈斯人》（On Behalf of the Argives）信函。該信函展現多樣的政治張力：歷史與現世權力、希臘性與羅馬性、哲學與政治等。尤利安將這些張力統歸於「希臘主義」之核心，並針對個案明確表達了自己的希臘主義意涵。本文梳理尤利安論證自身立場的方式，對比他在其他作品中對希臘主義的闡釋，探討地方政治與知識菁英如何藉希臘主義謀求政治利益。藉此，本文呈現作為政治符號的希臘主義，在尤利安治下政治交流中的作用。餘論指出，在古代晚期的希臘世界，對「希臘主義」多樣化的闡釋，為政治運作提供了空間。

This essay offers a case study on the letter On Behalf of the Argives of emperor Julian. The letter encapsulated several tensions: historical versus present power, Greekness versus Roman power, philosophy versus politics, et cetera. Julian, by unifying these tensions with the crux ＂Hellenism,＂ made a clear proposition on his idea of Hellenism concerning the dispute. By examining Julian's self-justification, comparing his explanation of Hellenism in the letter with his other writings, and how local political and intellectual elites gained political profits by performing Hellenism, this essay explores the role Hellenism as a political symbol played in the political communication during Julian's reign. The conclusion points out the diverse natures of Hellenism in the late-antique Greek world, and that the various interpretation of Hellenism created space for political manoeuvre.

1. (1862).Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 17 Bände.Berlin:De Gruyter.
2. “Abbreviations List.” In The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Edited by Tim Whitmarsh. Digital ed. https://oxfordre.com/classics/page/abbreviation-list/ (accessed November 25, 2019).
3. (2018).Excavations at Nemea IV: The Shrine of Opheltes.Berkeley:University of California Press.
4. Diccionario Griego-Español (《希臘—西班牙文大辭典》在線版), http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/ἑλληνισμός (accessed August 8, 2019).
5. CIL XI 5265 = “TM 496598.” Trismegistos. https://www.trismegistos.org/text/496598 (accessed November 11, 2019).
6. Agosti, Gianfranco(2015).Paideia greca e religione in iscrizioni dell’età di Giuliano.L’imperatore Giuliano: Realtà storica e rappresentazione,Firenze:
7. Alcock, Susan E.(2002).Archaeologies of the Greek Past: Landscape, Monuments, and Memories.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
8. Alvino, Maria Consiglia(2017).Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II.
9. Athanassiadi-Fowden, Polymnia(2014).Julian: An Intellectual Biography.London:Routledge.
10. Barnes, Timothy. D.(1982).The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
11. Bernhardt, Rainer(1980).Die Immunitas der Freistädte.Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte,29(2),190-207.
12. Bidez, Joseph(ed.)(1960).L’empereur Julien.Paris:Les Belles Lettres.
13. Bidez, Joseph(ed.)(1960).L’empereur Julien.Paris:Les Belles Lettres.
14. Birley, Anthony(1997).Hadrian: The Restless Emperor.London:Routledge.
15. Bouffartigue, Jean(2002).L’image politique de Julien chez Libanios.Pallas,60,175-189.
16. Bowersock, G. W.(1990).Hellenism in Late Antiquity.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.
17. Bowersock, G.W.(1978).Julian the Apostate.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
18. Brown, Amelie(2018).Corinth in Late Antiquity: A Greek, Roman, and Christian City.London:I.B. Tauris.
19. Brown, Peter(1992).Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire.Madison, WI:University of Wisconsin Press.
20. Cabouret, B.(1997).Julien et Delphes, la politique religieuse de l’empereur Julien et le ‘dernier’ oracle.Revue des Études anciennes,99(1-2),141-158.
21. Cameron, Averil(ed.),Garnsey, Peter(ed.)(1997).The Cambridge Ancient History.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
22. Carrié, Jean-Michel(2009).Julien législateur: Un mélange des genres?.Antiquité Tardive,17,175-184.
23. Chaniotis, Angelos(2018).Age of Conquests: The Greek World from Alexander to Hadrian (336 BC-AD 138).London:Profile Books.
24. Coleman, Kathleen(ed.),Ducrey, Pierre(ed.),Nelis-Clément, Jocelyne(ed.)(2012).L’organisation des spectacles dans le monde romain.Genève:Fondation Hardt.
25. Conti, Stefano(2004).Die Inschriften Kaiser Julians.Stuttgart:Franz Steiner Verlag.
26. Corcoran, Simon(2014).State Correspondence in the Roman Empire: Imperial Communication from Augustus to Justinian.State Correspondence in the Ancient World: From New Kingdom Egypt to the Roman Empire,Oxford:
27. Corcoran, Simon(2000).The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284-324.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
28. Dmitriev, Sviatoslav(2001).The End of ‘Provincia Asia'.Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte,50(4),468-489.
29. Drews, Robert(1979).Argos and Argives in the Iliad.Classical Philology,74(2),111-135.
30. Elm, Susanne(2012).Sons of Hellenism, Fathers of the Church: Emperor Julian, Gregory of Nazianzus, and the Vision of Rome.Berkeley:University of California Press.
31. Goldhill, Simon(ed.)(2011).Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire.Cambridge:Cambridge University.
32. Griffith, Tom(ed.),Schofield, Malcolm(ed.)(2016).Plato: Laws.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
33. Harries, Jill(2012).Julian the Lawgiver.Emperor and Author: The Writings of Julian ‘the Apostate’,Swansea:
34. Harries, Jill(2011).Superfluous Verbiage? Rhetoric and Law in the Age of Constantine and Julian.Journal of Early Christian Studies,19,354-374.
35. Himerius,Colonna, Aristides(ed.)(1951).Himerii Declamationes et Orationes cum deperditarum fragmentis.Rome:Typis Publicae Officinae Polygraphicae.
36. Hornblower, Simon(ed.),Spawforth, Antony(ed.),Eidinow, Esther(ed.)(2016).The Oxford Classical Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
37. Hornblower, Simon(ed.),Spawforth, Antony(ed.),Eidinow, Esther(ed.)(2016).The Oxford Classical Dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
38. Jones, A. H. M.(1964).The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
39. Jones, A. H. M.(ed.),Martindale, J. R.(ed.),Morris, J.(ed.)(1971).Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 1. 260-395.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
40. Jones, Christopher(1999).P. Kinship Diplomacy in the Ancient World.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
41. Jonge, Pieter de(1972).Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XVI.Leiden:Brill.
42. Kokkinia, Christina(2008).Aphrodisias’ ‘Rights of Liberty’: Diplomatic Strategies and the Roman Governor.Aphrodisias Papers 4: New Research on the City and its Monuments,Portsmouth, RI:
43. Lenski, Noel(2016).Constantine and the Cities: Imperial Authority and Civic Politics.Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.
44. Lenski, Noel(2002).Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D..Berkeley:University of California Press.
45. Libanius. Libanii Opera. Edited by Richard Foerster. Leipzig: Teubner, 1903-1927.
46. Longfellow, Brenda(2011).Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage: Form, Meaning, and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
47. Mastrocinque, Attilio(2005).Cosmologia e impero in Giuliano l'Apostata.Klio,87(1),154-176.
48. Millar, Fergus(1999).Civitates Liberae, Coloniae and Provincial Governors under the Empire.Mediterraneo Antico: Economie, società, culture,2(1),95-113.
49. Millar, Fergus(1983).Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Status.The Journal of Roman Studies,73,76-96.
50. Moser, Murier(2018).Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II: Maintaining Imperial Rule Between Rome and Constantinople in the Fourth Century AD.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
51. Nijf, Onno van(2001).Local Heroes: Athletics, Festivals and Elite Self-Fashioning in the Roman East.Being Greek under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire,Cambridge:
52. Remijsen, Sofie(2015).The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
53. Renucci, Pierre(2000).Les idées politiques et le gouvernement de l’empereur Julien.Bruxelles:Latomus.
54. Reynolds, Joyce, Charlotte Roueché, and Gabriel Bodard eds. Inscriptions of Aphrodisias, http://insaph.kcl.ac.uk/iaph2007 (accessed November 11, 2019).
55. Said, Suzanne(ed.)(1991).Ἑλληνισμός: Quelques jalons pour une histoire de l’identité grecque.Leiden:Brill.
56. Salway, R.W. Benet(2012).Words and Deeds: Julian in the Epigraphic Record.Emperor and Author: The Writings of Julian ‘the Apostate’,Swansea:
57. Smith, R. R. R.(ed.),Ward-Perkins, Bryan(ed.)(2016).The Last Statues of Antiquity.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
58. Sogno, Cristiana(ed.),Storin, Bradley K.(ed.),Watts, Edward J.(ed.)(2016).Late Antique Letter Collections: A Critical Introduction and Reference Guide.Berkeley:University of California Press.
59. Sogno, Cristiana(ed.),Storin, Bradley K.(ed.),Watts, Edward J.(ed.)(2016).Late Antique Letter Collections: A Critical Introduction and Reference Guide.Berkeley:University of California Press.
60. Spawforth, Antony(2012).Greece and the Augustan Cultural Revolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
61. Spawforth, Antony(1994).Corinth, Argos, and the Imperial Cult: Pseudo-Julian, Letter 198.Hesperia:The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,63(2),211-232.
62. Stenger, Jan R.(2014).Libanius and the ‘Game’ of Hellenism.Libanius: A Critical Introduction,Cambridge:
63. Stenger, Jan R.(2009).Hellenische Identität in der Spätantike. Pagane Autoren und ihr Unbehagen an der eigenen Zeit.Berlin:De Gruyter.
64. Swain, Simon(1996).Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, A.D. 50-250.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
65. Tacoma, Laurens E.(2011).The Councillor’s Dilemma: Political Culture in ThirdCentury Roman Egypt.Political Culture in Greek City after the Classical Age,Leuven:
66. Tiersch, Claudia(2018).A Dispute about Hellenism? Julian and the Citizens of Antioch.Antioch II: The Many Faces of Antioch. Intellectual Exchange and Religious Diversity, CE 350-450,Tübingen:
67. Tougher, Shaun(2007).Julian the Apostate.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
68. Tougher, Shaun(2003).Review of Les idées politiques et le gouvernement de l’empereur Julien, by Pierre Renucci.The Journal of Roman Studies,93,410-411.
69. Tybout, Rolf A..Abbreviations and Bibliography.Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
70. Van Dam, Raymond(2004).Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia.Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press.
71. Van Dam, Raymond(2007).The Roman Revolution of Constantine.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
72. Van Hoof, Lieve(2013).Performing Paideia: Greek Culture as an Instrument for Social Promotion in the Fourth Century A.D..Classical Quarterly,63(1),387-406.
73. Van Hoof, Lieve,Van Nuffelen, Peter(2011).Monarchy and Mass Communication. Antioch A.D. 362/3 Revisited.The Journal of Roman Studies,101,166-184.
74. Versnel, Henk S.(1994).The Roman Festival for Bona Dea and the Greek Thesmophoria.Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion, vol. 2: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual,Leiden:
75. Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew(2008).Rome’s Cultural Revolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
76. Welch, Katherine(1999).Negotiating Roman Spectacle Architecture in the Greek World: Athens and Corinth.The Art of Ancient Spectacle,New Haven:
77. Woolf, Greg(1994).Becoming Roman, Staying Greek: Culture, Identity and the Civilizing Process in the Roman East.Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society,40,116-143.
78. Wright, Wilmer C. ed. Julian: Letters, Epigrams, Against the Galilaeans, Fragments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1923.
79. Wright, Wilmer C. ed. Julian: Orations 6-8, Letters to Themistius, To the Senate and People of Athens, To a Priest. The Caesars. Misopogon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.
80. Zuiderhoek, Arjan(2009).Government Centralization in Late Second and Third Century A.D. Asia Minor: A Working Hypothesis.The Classical World,103(1),39-51.
81. 南雲泰輔(2006)。ユリアヌス帝の意識のなかのローマ皇帝像─『ひげぎらい』における法律意識の分析を中心に。西洋古代史研究，6，32-33。