以非線性方法分析長時間跑步疲勞後各肢段動作變異性

Non-Linear Analysis of Movement Variability in Each Limb after Long-Time Running Fatigue

10.3966/240996512020030701001

方麒堯(Chi-Yao Fang)；陳韋翰(Wei-Han Chen)；相子元(Tzyy-Yuang Shiang)

戶外跑步 ； 非線性分析 ； 疲勞 ； 近似熵 ； outdoor running ； nonlinear analysis ； fatigue ； approximate entroy

運動表現期刊

7卷1期（2020 / 03 / 01）

1 - 15

繁體中文

目的：以非線性方法分析觀察長時間戶外跑步疲勞後，各肢段動作的變異性。釐清因疲勞產生時，各肢段變異不規則性所增加的軸向與運動，並討論其含義。方法：招募15名受試者，將慣性感測器固定在四肢與軀幹，於跑道上執行75%最大跑速的快跑，時間達30分鐘或運動自覺強度（Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE）達18即停止，並將其視為本次實驗的疲勞。擷取總時間10％與95％處，各10秒鐘的資料做為疲勞前、後數據，使用非線性分析三軸加速度（A）與三軸角速度（G）訊號之變異性，並以相依樣本t檢定比較其差異。結果：跑步隨著疲勞介入，各肢段皆有特定軸向近似熵值顯著上升（p ＜ .05），左腳為A-z（垂直軸）、G-x（額狀面）、G-y（矢狀面）、G-z（水平面）、右腳為A-x（前後軸）、G-x、G-y、軀幹為A-z、G-x，左手為A-x、右手為A-y（左右軸）、G-y。結論：長時間跑步疲勞後，會增加各肢段動作變異不規則性，下肢在前後與側向的運動上不規則增加；軀幹則是上下晃動與左右擺動逐漸不一致；左右手動作不規則亦增加，但在方向上無重複；下肢與軀幹皆在側向擺動上會增加不規則性，可作為疲勞監控之參考。

Purpose: To observe the variability of the movements in each limb after long-time running fatigue by using a non-linear method. Moreover, we determined which axial and motion on each limb increase irregularity after fatigue and discussed its meaning. Methods: Fifteen healthy participants ran on the track at 75% of the maximum speed for 30 minutes or stopped when the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was reported greater than or equal to 18, which was defined as fatigue in this study. Their limbs and trunk were set 5 inertial sensors. The data for 10 seconds at 10% and 95% of total time were analyzed as pre- and post-fatigue data. Triaxial acceleration (A) and triaxial angular velocity (G) signal variation (Approximate entropy value) was calculated by a nonlinear analysis method and was compared the differences between pre- and post-fatigue using dependent sample t test. Results: The approximate entropy value of several specific axials on each limb segment significantly increased after fatigue (p ＜.05). The specific axials were A-z (vertical axis), G-x (frontal plane), G-y (sagittal plane), and G-z (Horizontal plane) on left foot, A-x (front and rear axis), G-x, and G-y on right foot, A-z and G-x on trunk, A-x on left hand, A-y (left and right axis) and G-y on right hand. Conclusion: After long-time running fatigue, the irregularity of movement variation in each limb increase. Lower limbs movement increase irregularly in the forward, backward, and lateral direction; trunk is gradually inconsistent with vertical oscillate and left-right swing; although both hands also increase movements irregularly, there is no common feature. The movements irregularly of lower limbs and trunk increase in the lateral swing. These results can be used as a reference for fatigue monitoring.

1. 陳佑昇,黃冠勛,相子元(2018)。使用穿戴裝置量化運動強度之可行性。運動表現期刊，5(2)，51-57。
   連結：
2. 陳俊伊,陳帝佑,陳重佑(2008)。動作行為背後的變異性。中華體育季刊，22(4)，61-68。
   連結：
3. 陳羿揚,莎麗娃,邱文信(2020)。加速規用於評估身體活動量的方法與應用。華人運動生物力學期刊，17(1)，45-53。
   連結：
4. Allseits, E.,Lučarević, J.,Gailey, R.,Agrawal, V.,Gaunaurd, I.,Bennett, C.(2017).The development and concurrent validity of a real-time algorithm for temporal gait analysis using inertial measurement units.Journal of Biomechanics,55,27-33.
5. Benson, R.,Connolly, D.(2011).Heart rate training.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
6. Bertelsen, M. L.,Hulme, A.,Petersen, J.,Brund, R. K.,Sørensen, H.,Finch, C. F.,Nielsen, R. O.(2017).A framework for the etiology of running related injuries.Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports,27(11),1170-1180.
7. Brandes, M.,Zijlstra, W.,Heikens, S.,van Lummel, R.,Rosenbaum, D.(2006).Accelerometry based assessment of gait parameters in children.Gait and Posture,24(4),482-486.
8. Bravi, A.,Longtin, A.,Seely, A. J.(2011).Review and classification of variability analysis techniques with clinical applications.Biomedical Engineering Online,10(1),90.
9. Butte, N. F.,Ekelund, U.,Westerterp, K. R.(2012).Assessing physical activity using wearable monitors: Measures of physical activity.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,44(1 Suppl 1),S5-12.
10. Chan, M.,Estève, D.,Fourniols, J.-Y.,Escriba, C.,Campo, E.(2012).Smart wearable systems: Current status and future challenges.Artificial Intelligence in Medicine,56(3),137-156.
11. Chan-Roper, M.,Hunter, I.,Myrer, J. W.,Eggett, D. L.,Seeley, M. K.(2012).Kinematic changes during a marathon for fast and slow runners.Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,11(1),77-82.
12. Chen, K. Y.,Janz, K. F.,Zhu, W.,Brychta, R. J.(2012).Redefining the roles of sensors in objective physical activity monitoring.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,44(1 Suppl 1),S13-23.
13. Cortes, N.,Onate, J.,Morrison, S.(2014).Differential effects of fatigue on movement variability.Gait and Posture,39(3),888-893.
14. Cowley, J.,Dingwell, J.,Gates, D.(2014).Effects of local and widespread muscle fatigue on movement timing.Experimental Brain Research,232(12),3939-3948.
15. Crozara, L. F.,Castro, A.,De Almeida Neto, A. F.,Laroche, D. P.,Cardozo, A. C.,Gonçalves, M.(2015).Utility of electromyographic fatigue threshold during treadmill running.Muscle and Nerve,52(6),1030-1039.
16. Ducharme, S. W.,van Emmerik, R. E.(2018).Fractal dynamics, variability, and coordination in human locomotion.Kinesiology Review,7(1),26-35.
17. Eston, R.(2012).Use of ratings of perceived exertion in sports.International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,7(2),175-182.
18. Giandolini, M.,Vernillo, G.,Samozino, P.,Horvais, N.,Edwards, W. B.,Morin, J. B.,Millet, G. Y.(2016).Fatigue associated with prolonged graded running.European Journal of Applied Physiology,116(10),1859-1873.
19. Heiderscheit, B. C.,Chumanov, E. S.,Michalski, M. P.,Wille, C. M.,Ryan, M. B.(2011).Effects of step rate manipulation on joint mechanics during running.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,43(2),296.
20. Heishman, A. D.,Curtis, M. A.,Saliba, E.,Hornett, R. J.,Malin, S. K.,Weltman, A. L.(2018).Noninvasive assessment of internal and external player load: Implications for optimizing athletic performance.The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,32(5),1280-1287.
21. Kavanagh, J. J.,Menz, H. B.(2008).Accelerometry: A technique for quantifying movement patterns during walking.Gait and Posture,28(1),1-15.
22. Koblbauer, I. F.,van Schooten, K. S.,Verhagen, E. A.,van Dieën, J. H.(2014).Kinematic changes during running-induced fatigue and relations with core endurance in novice runners.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,17(4),419-424.
23. Konrad, P.(2005).The abc of emg.A Practical Introduction to Kinesiological Electromyography,1(2005),30-35.
24. Lee, Brellenthin, A. G.,Thompson, P. D.,Sui, X.,Lee, I.-M.,Lavie, C. J.(2017).Running as a key lifestyle medicine for longevity.Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases,60(1),45-55.
25. Maas, E.,De Bie, J.,Vanfleteren, R.,Hoogkamer, W.,Vanwanseele, B.(2018).Novice runners show greater changes in kinematics with fatigue compared with competitive runners.Sports Biomechanics,17(3),350-360.
26. Menz, H. B.,Lord, S. R.,Fitzpatrick, R. C.(2003).Acceleration patterns of the head and pelvis when walking on level and irregular surfaces.Gait and Posture,18(1),35-46.
27. Panebianco, G. P.,Bisi, M. C.,Stagni, R.,Fantozzi, S.(2018).Analysis of the performance of 17 algorithms from a systematic review: Influence of sensor position, analysed variable and computational approach in gait timing estimation from IMU measurements.Gait and posture,66,76-82.
28. Pincus, S. M.(1991).Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,88(6),2297-2301.
29. Raffalt, P. C.,Guul, M. K.,Nielsen, A. N.,Puthusserypady, S.,Alkjaer, T.(2017).Economy, movement dynamics, and muscle activity of human walking at different speeds.Scientific Reports,7,43986.
30. Reilly, J. J.,Penpraze, V.,Hislop, J.,Davies, G.,Grant, S.,Paton, J. Y.(2008).Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: Review with new data.Archives of Disease in Childhood,93(7),614-619.
31. Rhea, C. K.,Silver, T. A.,Hong, S. L.,Ryu, J. H.,Studenka, B. E.,Hughes, C. M.,Haddad, J. M.(2011).Noise and complexity in human postural control: Interpreting the different estimations of entropy.PloS One,6(3),e17696.
32. Saugy, J.,Place, N.,Millet, G. Y.,Degache, F.,Schena, F.,Millet, G. P.(2013).Alterations of neuromuscular function after the world's most challenging mountain ultra-marathon.PloS One,8(6),e65596.
33. Schmitt, L.,Regnard, J.,Auguin, D.,Millet, G. P.(2016).Monitoring training and fatigue with heart rate variability: Case study in a swimming Olympic champion.Journal of Fitness Research,5(3),38-45.
34. Shi, L.,Duan, F.,Yang, Y.,Sun, Z.(2019).The Effect of Treadmill Walking on Gait and Upper Trunk through Linear and Nonlinear Analysis Methods.Sensors,19(9),2204.
35. Soangra, R.,Moon, S.,Rezvanian, S.,Lockhart, T. E.(2017).Lower extremity muscle fatigue influences nonlinear variability in trunk accelerations.Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation,53,47.
36. Stergiou, N.(2016).Nonlinear analysis for human movement variability.CRC Press.
37. Storm, F. A.,Buckley, C. J.,Mazzà, C(2016).Gait event detection in laboratory and real life settings: Accuracy of ankle and waist sensor based methods.Gait and Posture,50,42-46.
38. Strohrmann, C.,Harms, H.,Kappeler-Setz, C.,Troster, G.(2012).Monitoring kinematic changes with fatigue in running using body-worn sensors.IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine,16(5),983-990.
39. Taunton, J. E.,Ryan, M. B.,Clement, D. B.,McKenzie, D. C.,Lloyd-Smith, D. R.,Zumbo, B. D.(2002).A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries.British Journal of Sports Medicine,36(2),95-101.
40. Terrier, P.(2019).Complexity of human walking: The attractor complexity index is sensitive to gait synchronization with visual and auditory cues.PeerJ Preprints,7,e27711v1.
41. van Emmerik, R. E.,Ducharme, S. W.,Amado, A. C.,Hamill, J.(2016).Comparing dynamical systems concepts and techniques for biomechanical analysis.Journal of Sport and Health Science,5(1),3-13.
42. Winter, S.,Gordon, S.,Watt, K.(2017).Effects of fatigue on kinematics and kinetics during overground running: A systematic review.The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,57(6),887-899.
43. Yentes, J. M.,Hunt, N.,Schmid, K. K.,Kaipust, J. P.,McGrath, D.,Stergiou, N.(2013).The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short data sets.Annals of Biomedical Engineering,41(2),349-365.
44. 陳柏村(2006)。桃園市，元智大學。

1. 蔡雅淳,劉強,葉哲偉,陳麒先,陳韋翰,許維君,張嘉哲,呂松庭(2022)。以統合生理與速度參數探討大專長跑選手5000公尺成績之影響因子與預測指標。大專體育學刊，24(3)，406-417。
2. 戴一涵,陳韋翰,相子元,侯傳方,李尹鑫(2021)。人體下肢不對稱性對走路步態週期和動作特性之影響。體育學報，54(3)，259-269。
3. 劉強,詹明昇,陳鋒,陳毅,陳韋翰,相子元,劉強,詹明昇,陳鋒,陳毅,陳韋翰,相子元(2023)。以穿戴式裝置比較不同層級棒球打者軀幹及手部之揮棒技術。體育學報，56(2)，179-190。