女子跳高選手助跑最後兩步與起跳動作之運動學分析

Kinematic Analysis of the Run-Up and Takeoff Motions in Female High Jump Athletes

10.53106/240996512022030901004

張立羣(Li-Chun Chang)；乃慧芳(Hui-Fang Nai)；莊銘修(Ming-Hsiu Chuang)

田徑 ； 背向式跳高 ； 生物力學 ； track and field ； fosbury-flop ； biomechanics

運動表現期刊

9卷1期（2022 / 03 / 01）

45 - 58

繁體中文

目的：探討我國女子跳高選手助跑最後兩步與起跳動作特徵，提供給教練與選手作為改進動作之參考資料。方法：以16名女子跳高選手（年齡20.4 ± 5.4歲，身高170.1 ± 4.7公分，體重58.5 ± 5.8公斤，比賽成績1.65 ± 0.06公尺）為研究對象。利用兩部數位攝影機與三度空間影像分析方法，拍攝選手在全國運動會、大專校院運動會與中等學校運動會的跳高比賽過程，以動作分析系統獲得助跑最後兩步與起跳階段的運動學資料，以皮爾遜積差相關分析各項運動學參數與比賽成績之相關性，顯著水準設為α=.05。結果：與世界級選手相比，本研究選手動作特徵為助跑速度較慢，在起跳階段水平與垂直方向運動的轉換較差，起跳腿膝關節彎曲較大，起跳離地瞬間身體重心水平速度過快，起跳離地瞬間身體重心垂直速度較慢與起跳飛程角度較小。此外，助跑最後第二步水平速度、起跳腳離地瞬間身體重心垂直速度、起跳階段身體重心速度轉換率、起跳飛程角度和飛程高度皆與比賽成績達顯著相關。結論：選手應提升助跑速度與下肢爆發力，並加強起跳階段水平與垂直方向運動的轉換技術。

Purposes: To investigate the characteristics of the last two steps of the run-up and takeoff techniques in female high jump athletes, and to provide coaches and athletes with reference information to improve high jump motions. Methods: Sixteen female high jump athletes (age: 20.4 ± 5.4 years; height: 170.1 ± 4.7 cm; body weight: 58.5 ± 5.8 kg; best performance: 1.65 ± 0.06 m) were enrolled in this study. Two digital cameras, both with three-dimensional filming methods, were used to record the Taiwanese national games, national intercollegiate athletic games, and national high school athletic games. A motion analysis system was employed to obtain kinematic data on the last two steps of the high jump athletes' run-up and takeoff motions. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the various kinematic parameters and official results. Significance level was set as α = .05. Results: Compared with world-class female athletes, the participants in this study registered slower run-up velocity, a weaker transfer from the horizontal to the vertical direction during the takeoff phase, a greater knee flexion angle during the takeoff phase, a faster horizontal velocity of the center of mass (COM) at the end of the takeoff, a slower vertical velocity of the COM at the end of the takeoff, and a lower takeoff angle. The horizontal velocity in the penultimate stride, vertical velocity of the COM at the end of the takeoff, velocity conversion ratio of COM during the takeoff phase, angle of takeoff, and height of COM during flight all exhibited significant relationships with high jump performance. Conclusion: High jumpers should aim to improve the velocity of their run-ups, the power of their lower limbs, and the transfer of horizontal motion to vertical motion during the takeoff phase.

1. 翁梓林,邱志宏,杜之譽(2015)。穿戴髕腱加壓帶在連續跳躍中對下肢緩衝效果之影響。運動表現期刊，2(2)，53-58。
   連結：
2. 張簡旭芳,相子元(2016)。運動表現之研究趨勢。運動表現期刊，3(2)，49-54。
   連結：
3. Becker, J.,Wu, W. F.(2015).Integrating biomechanical and motor control principles in elite high jumpers: A transdisciplinary approach to enhancing sport performance.Journal of Sport and Health Science,4(4),341-346.
4. Conrad, A.,Ritzdorf, W.(1990).Biomechanical analysis of the high jump.International Amateur Athletic Federation Scientific Research Project at the Games of the XXIV Olympiad - Seoul 1988：Final Report,Monaco:
5. Dapena, J.(1997).Contributions of angular momentum and catting to the twist rotation in high jumping.Journal of Applied Biomechanics,13(2),239-253.
6. Dapena, J.(1988).Biomechanical analysis of the Fosbury Flop.Track Technique,104,3307-3317.
7. Dapena, J.,Gordon, J. B.,Meyer, W.(2006).,Indianapolis, IN:USA Track.
8. Dapena, J.,McDonald, C.,Cappaert, J.(1990).A regression analysis of high jumping technique.International Journal of Sport Biomechanics,6(3),246-261.
9. Greig, M. P.,Yeadon, M. R.(2000).The influence of touchdown parameters on the performance of a High Jumper.Journal of Applied Biomechanics,16(4),367-378.
10. Lundin, P.,Berg, W.(1993).Approach development in the jumps.New Studies in Athletics,8(1),45-50.
11. Mateos-Padorno, C.,García-Manso, J. M.,Fuentes García, J. P.,Martínez-Patiño, M. J.(2021).Kinematic analysis of the final stride approach in Spanish elite high jumpers.International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport,21(3),421-434.
12. Mateos-Padorno, C.,García-Manso, J. M.,Martínez-Patiño, M. J.,Valverde-Esteve, T.(2019).Analysis of effectiveness of free segment actions and antero-posterior and lateral body displacements during the take-off phase of high jump (flop style).International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport,19(1),14-27.
13. Nicholson, G.,Bissas, A.,Merlino, S.(2018).Biomechanical Report for the IAAF World Championships London 2017.Monaco:World Athletics.
14. Nordquist, J. L.(Ed.)(2000).USA Track & Field Coaching Manual.Champaign, III:Human Kinetics.
15. Ritzdorf, W.(2009).Approaches to technique and technical training in the high jump.New Studies in Athletics,24(3),31-34.
16. Ritzdorf, W.,Conrad, A.(1990).Biomechanical analysis of the high jump.International Athletic Foundation Scientific Report on the 2nd World Championships in Athletics, Rome 1987,Monaco:
17. World Athletics. (2021). World Records. Retrieved from: https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-category/world-records
18. Zatsiorsky, V.(Ed.)(2000).Biomechanics in Sport: Performance Enhancement and Injury Prevention.Malden, MA:Blackwell Science.
19. 中華民國田徑協會 (2020)。全國女子歷年二十傑 (2021 年止)。取自https://www.athletics.org.tw/Upload/Web_Page/全國女子歷年二十傑(2021 年止).pdf
20. 何維華(2006).人體測量之運動生物力學應用：核磁共振技術建立人體肢段參數.台北市:台灣運動生物力學學會.
21. 李春安(2010)。臺中市，國立臺灣體育學院。
22. 林芸蔓,張立羣(2010)。跳高助跑倒數三步之時間分析。2010 台灣生物力學學會及台灣運動生物力學學會聯合年會暨學術研討會暨國際運動生物力學研討會，臺南市:
23. 阿江通良、永原隆、大島雄治、小山紅、高本惠美、柴山一仁(2010)。第 11 回世界陸上女子走高跳上位入賞者の跳躍動作のバイオメカニス的分析。世界一流陸上競技者のパフオーマンスと技術，東京都:
24. 趙連甲,呂強,史鴻范(1996).跳高訓練法.北京市:北京體育大學.