以ALOHA及WISER探討氯乙烯槽車之危害範圍

Investigate the Hazardous Range of Vinyl Chloride Tankers with ALOHA and WISER

許錦明(Jing-Ming Hsu)；郭家宏(Chia-Hung Kuo)

氯乙烯 ； 緊急應變指南 ； 緊急應變無線資訊系統 ； 槽車 ； Vinyl Chloride (VCM) ； Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) ； Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER) ； Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) ； Tanker

勞動及職業安全衛生研究季刊

26卷2期（2018 / 06 / 15）

91 - 102

繁體中文

台灣因地理、交通及產業特性，化學品常須利用機動性高的槽車運輸，以灌裝方式補充製程所需化學品及清運。近年來國內槽車事故頻傳，事故型態主要為洩漏、火災、爆炸及形成氣雲等，在緊急應變及疏散管制的資訊建立與取得多直接採用緊急應變指南(Emergency Response Guidebook, ERG)之應變資訊。但在大當量、高活性或高毒性等情況下，實際危害範圍常會超出ERG所採用的固定經驗數值，可能誤判疏散距離而導致產生潛在危險。緊急應變無線資訊系統(Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders, WISER)是ERG的電子版。為方便使用，本研究選用WISER及ALOHA(Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres)，以2017年6月25日台氯氯乙烯槽車（約30公噸）事故為案例，探討兩者提供防護範圍的合宜性，以作為緊急應變規劃之參考。WISER數據庫提供氯乙烯化學品在洩漏後的無火隔離疏散範圍為800m，有火（含爆炸）的隔離疏散範圍為1,600m。經ALOHA模擬結果發現，氯乙烯ERPG-2 (5,000ppm)為568m，小於WISER的800m範圍，但人體可感不適的濃度ERPG-1(500ppm)之影響範圍已達1,600m，超出WISER的800m範圍。依照美國環保署EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)開發的AEGLs (Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Airborne Chemicals)標準其考量敏感人群：老人、病人及未成年人，AEGL-2 (1,200ppm)；以不造成不可逆傷害為原則；影響範圍達1,100m，為防止人員中毒，建議人員至少疏散至1,100m範圍之外。另外，10%LEL影響範圍為655m，小於WISER的800m範圍。爆炸與爆轟的0.5psi過壓影響範圍分別為562m與1,100m，熱輻射及BLEVE熱輻射的2.0kW/m^2影響範圍分別為100m及556m，皆小於WISER的1,600m範圍。因此，對於燃燒性和爆炸性建議考慮Wiser 1,600m的安全距離。

Because of Geographical environment, transportation, and industrial characteristics in Taiwan, chemicals which are added to the process as reactants and cleared as wastes after the process are often transported by highly mobile tankers. In recent years, the main types of accidents of domestic tankers are leaks, fire, explosions and the formation of gas clouds. Establishment and acquisition of information on emergency response and evacuation control often use Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) directly. However, in the case of massive equivalents, high activity or high toxicity, the actual hazard range often exceeds the fixed empirical value used by the ERG. This may erroneously determine the distance of evacuation, causing a potentially dangerous occurrence. Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER) is the e-edition of ERG. For ease of use, WISER and Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) were selected in this study to explore suitability that WISER and ALOHA provide the ranges of protection, as a reference for emergency response planning, with the Vinyl Chloride tanker accident (about 30 metric tons) of Taiwan VCM Corporation on 25 June 2017. The evacuation ranges that WISER database provided for vinyl chloride chemical leaks and for its chemical fire or explosion are 800 m and 1,600 m, respectively. The results what were simulated by ALOHA have shown that: ERPG-2 (5,000ppm) of toxic threat zone caused by VCM is 568m, under the 800m provided by WISER. But ERPG-1 (500ppm) of toxic threat zone, the concentration which the human body can feel the discomfort, has reached 1,600 m over the 800m provided by WISER. References to Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) developed by U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which estimates most people including sensitive individuals such as old, sick, or very young people will be affected. The AEGL-2 (1,200ppm) of toxic threat zone, the concentration which does not cause irreversible health damage, has reached 1,100 m. To prevent poisoning, it is advisable to evacuate at least 1,100 m. The threat zone at a flammable concentration of 10% LEL is 655m, under the 800 m provided by WISER. The overpressure threat zone ignited by spark or flame or by detonation of 0.5 psi, respectively is 562 m and 1,100m,and the thermal radiation threat zone (2.0 kw/ m^2) or thermal radiation threat zone (2.0 kw/m^2) of BLEVE respectively is 100 m and 556m, all are under the 1,600m provided by WISER. In summary, the evacuation range for vinyl chloride chemical fire or explosion Suggested adoption a safe distance provided by WISER.

1. 張銘坤、蘇文源、賴宗汶(2014)。以ALOHA模擬苯與二甲基甲醯胺儲槽洩漏火災爆炸後果分析。勞工安全衛生研究季刊，22，379-388。
   連結：
2. (2007).ALOHA User Manual.
3. ALOHA Help..
4. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(2014).Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Vinyl Chloride ToxFAQ; 2014..
5. Office of Response and Restoration. Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs)。https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/erpgs ;AUG 12 2017.
6. Office of Response and Restoration. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs)。https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-andchemical-spills/chemical-spills/resources/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-aegls.html;AUG 12 2017.
7. U.S.National Library of Medicine. About WISER。https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/about.html；AUG 12 2017.
8. Vilchez, JA,Sevilla, S,Montiel, H,Casal, J(1995).Historical analysis of accidents in chemical plants and in the transportation of hazardous materials.Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,8,87-96.
9. 中央氣象局觀測資料查詢系統。http://e-service.cwb.gov.tw/HistoryDataQuery/index.jsp
10. 中華民國：毒性化學物質災害疏散避難作業原則。環保署；2006。
11. 內政部(2017)。內政部。爆炸災害防救業務計畫。內政部；2017年5月。
12. 交通部統計處。汽車貨運調查報告。交通部；2016年。
13. 行政院環保署環保新聞。化學槽車翻覆丙烯腈洩漏事件已完成清理作業，環署表示將持續監控海域避免污染。2003.04.04。http://enews.epa.gov.tw/enews/Newsdetail.asp?InputTime=0920404153653
14. 玥岑、曹常成(2012)。危害性物品運輸車輛職業駕駛行為安全現況調查研究。新北市:行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所。
15. 孫繼光(2000)。化學品儲槽與輸儲安全性調查報告。台灣省新竹縣:工研院工業安全衛生技術發展中心。
16. 張承明、歐新榮(2004)。槽車顛覆危害預防先期研究。臺北縣:行政院勞工委員會勞工安全研究所。
17. 黃建勳(2012)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。台灣省嘉義縣，吳鳳科技大學。
18. 葛維忠、林永章、徐啟銘(2000)。重大化災回顧系列（五）─西班牙聖卡羅迪拉（SanCarlos De La）丙烯槽車爆炸事故之探討。臺灣化學工程學會會刊，47，97-109。
19. 環保署毒災應變諮詢中心。第三類毒化物事故災害模擬分析及管制距離撰寫重點及注意事項。環保署；2012。
20. 環境事故專業諮詢中心(2017)。環境事故專業諮詢中心。防救手冊。環保署；2017。
21. 環境事故專業諮詢中心(2016)。環境事故專業諮詢中心。安全資料表 編號065-01。環保署；2016。
22. 蘋果即時新聞。台氯槽車爆胎起火冒黑煙遭誤認廠區爆炸。2017.06.25。http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20170625/1147562/；AUG 12 2017。