台北盆地的高溫風險－自然有解？

10.6653/MoCICHE.202302_50(1).0006

石婉瑜；陳品瑜

綠基盤 ； 自然解方 ； 高溫 ； 都市熱島效應 ； 台北 ； 新北 ； 風廊 ； 氣候變遷調適

土木水利

50卷1期（2023 / 02 / 01）

30 - 36

繁體中文

台北的升溫趨勢位居全台之冠，要如何在密集開發的建成環境中透過策略性的保留、規劃、創造各種水與綠的空間以優化氣候調節的機制、提升高溫韌性並促進社會公平，是面對夏季致災高溫的關鍵課題。本文嘗試彙整國際在高溫議題上的論述和過去在臺北盆地實證研究成果，透過衛星影像和氣象資料等空間資訊，呈現臺北盆地的綠基盤紋理、地表溫度分佈特徵和夏季盛行風風向，藉以闡述自然機制對於盆地內溫度差異的影響，並進一步檢討綠基盤的涼化效應與鄰里社會經濟特徵間的關係，從而指出在面臨極端高溫時可能會遭受到較高風險地區。據此，本文主張綠基盤的劃設應參考夏季盛行風的風向來進行系統性的空間調整，並參照高溫風險地區來決定改善的優先次序，其他幾項土地使用與規畫建議如下：1.新北市境內有許多相對熱區，應優先進行綠基盤的優化；2.臺北盆地的盛行風並非全為東風，風廊的畫設方向應依照各地盛行風的方向調整；3.蘆洲、三重、社子、關渡等地屬於風的幅合或幅散的關鍵地區，應針對此特徵進行進一步的探討與土地使用管制；以及4.加速盤點並改善環境涼化資源缺乏與社會經濟條件弱勢的高溫風險地區。

1. Shih, W-Y.,Mabon, L.(2018).Thermal environments of Taipei Basin and influence from urban green infrastructure.City and Planning,45(4),283-300.
   連結：
2. 陳亮全,陳海立(2007)。易致災都市空間發展之探討：以臺北盆地都市水災形成為例。都市與計劃，34(2)，293-315。
   連結：
3. Amorim Maia, A.T.,Calcagni, F.,Connolly, J.J.T.,Anguelovski, I.,Langemeyer, J.(2020).Hidden drivers of social injustice: uncovering unequal cultural ecosystem services behind green gentrification.Environmental Science & Policy,112,254-263.
4. Anguelovski, I.,Connolly, J.J.,Pearsall, H.,Shokry, G.,Checker, M.,Maantay, J.,Roberts, J.T.(2019).Opinion: Why green “climate gentrification” threatens poor and vulnerable populations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,116(52),26139-26143.
5. Benedict, M.A.,McMahon, E.T.(2012).Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities.Island press.
6. Bowler, D.E.,Buyung-Ali, L.,Knight, T.M.,Pullin, A.S.(2010).Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence.Landscape and urban planning,97(3),147-155.
7. Carbon Disclosure Project(2022).Stories of Change 2022 - Accelerating action towards a sustainable future.CDP Worldwide.
8. European Commission (2013), Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Green Infrastructure (GI) - Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital. COM/2013/0249 final, Brussels. Available at (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0249). Accessed: 10 August 2021.
9. Fan, H.,Yu, Z.,Yang, G.,Liu, T.Y.,Liu, T.Y.,Hung, C.H.,Vejre, H.(2019).How to cool hot-humid (Asian) cities with urban trees? An optimal landscape size perspective.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,265,338-348.
10. Field, C.B.(ed.),Barros, V.R.(ed.),Dokken, D.J.(ed.),Mach, K.J.(ed.),Mastrandrea, M.D.(ed.),Bilir, T.E.(ed.),Chatterjee, M.(ed.),Ebi, K.L.(ed.),Estrada, Y.O.(ed.),Genova, R.C.(ed.),Girma, B.(ed.),Kissel, E.S.(ed.),Levy, A.N.(ed.),MacCracken, S.(ed.),Mastrandrea, P.R.(ed.),White, L.L.(ed.)(2014).Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge, United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
11. Garrison, J.D.(2017).Seeing the park for the trees: New York’s “Million Trees” campaign vs. the deep roots of environmental inequality.Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science,46(5),914-930.
12. Giridharan, R.,Emmanuel, R.(2018).The impact of urban compactness, comfort strategies and energy consumption on tropical urban heat island intensity: a review.Sustainable cities and society,40,677-687.
13. Hansen, R.,Pauleit, S.(2014).From multifunctionality to multiple ecosystem services? A conceptual framework for multifunctionality in green infrastructure planning for urban areas.Ambio,43(4),516-529.
14. IPCC(2022).,Geneva:IPCC.
15. IUCN(2020).Guidance for using the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions. A user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of Nature-based Solutions.Gland, Switzerland:IUCN.
16. Kabisch, N.,Korn, H.,Stadler, J.,Bonn, A.(2017).Nature based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas.Springer.
17. Klinenberg, E.(2015).Heat wave: A social autopsy of disaster in Chicago.University of Chicago Press.
18. Lin, C.Y.,Chen, F.,Huang, J.C.,Chen, W.C.,Liou, Y.A.,Chen, W. N.,Liu, S.C.(2008).Urban heat island effect and its impact on boundary layer development and land–sea circulation over northern Taiwan.Atmospheric Environment,42(22),5635-5649.
19. Mabon, L.,Shih, W-Y.(2018).What might ‘just green enough’ urban development mean in the context of climate change adaptation? The case of urban greenspace planning in Taipei Metropolis, Taiwan.World Development,107,224-238.
20. Mora, C.,Dousset, B.,Caldwell, I.R.,Powell, F.E.,Geronimo, R.C.,Bielecki, C. R.,Trauernicht, C.(2017).Global risk of deadly heat.Nature climate change,7(7),501-506.
21. Ng, E.(Ed.),Ren, C.(Ed.)(2015).The urban climatic map: a methodology for sustainable urban planning.Routledge.
22. Oke, T. R.,Mills, G.,Christen, A.,Voogt, J.A.(2017).Urban climates.Cambridge University Press.
23. Schell, C.J.,Dyson, K.,Fuentes, T.L.,Des Roches, S.,Harris, N.C.,Miller, D.S.,Lambert, M.R.(2020).The ecological and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism in urban environments.Science,369(6510)
24. Shih, W.Y.(2017).The cooling effect of green infrastructure on surrounding built environments in a sub-tropical climate: a case study in Taipei metropolis.Landscape research,42(5),558-573.
25. Shih, W.Y.(2010).United Kingdom,The University of Manchester.
26. Shih, W-Y.(2017).Greenspace patterns and the mitigation of land surface temperature in Taipei metropolis.Habitat International,60,69-80.
27. Shih, W-Y.(2022).Socio-ecological inequality in heat: The role of green infrastructure in a subtropical city context.Landscape and Urban Planning,226,104506.
28. Shih, W-Y.,Ahmad, S.,Chen, Y-C.,Lin, T-P.,Mabon, L.(2020).Spatial Relationship between Land Development Pattern and Intra-Urban Thermal Variations in Taipei.Sustainable Cities and Society,62
29. Shih, W-Y.,Mabon, L.(2021).Green Infrastructure as a Planning Response to Urban Warming A Case Study of Taipei Metropolis.Urban Biodiversity and Ecological Design for Future Cities,Springer:
30. Wilson, B.(2020).Urban Heat Management and the Legacy of Redlining.Journal of the American Planning Association,86(4),443-457.
31. World Health Organization(2020).Integrating health in urban and territorial planning: a sourcebook.
32. World Health Organization(2017).Urban green space interventions and health: A review of impacts and effectiveness.Geneva, Switzerland:WHO.
33. World Meteorological Organization=WMO(2019).Guidance on Integrated Urban Hydrometeorological, Climate and Environmental Services - Volume I: Concept and Methodology.
34. 新北市政府環境保護局（2022），新北市 2050 淨零路徑暨氣候行動白皮書，新北市政府 (https://www.epd.ntpc.gov.tw/Article/Info?ID=9620)
35. 鍵屋浩司、足永靖信(2013)。ヒートアイランド對策に資する「風の道」を活用した都市づくりガイドライン。國總研資料，730