知識型群聚之興起：群聚去空間化的可能性

Emergence of Knowledge-based Cluster: Toward a Non-geographic Space Cluster

10.30132/JER.200812.0003

張永佶(Yung-Chi Chang)；林韶怡(Shao-Yi Lin)

群聚 ； 知識 ； 群聚創新 ； Cluster ； Knowledge ； Cluster Innovation

創業管理研究

3卷4期（2008 / 12 / 01）

35 - 51

繁體中文

本研究試圖在全球經濟脈絡下重新理解「群聚」一詞，探討現行實務中的群聚意義面臨本質變化。本文首先回顧群聚研究三大主要學派，包括義大利區域學派、區域集團觀點、創新氛圍觀點，發現過去對「群聚」的定義仍植基於地理群聚帶來的空間效應上，為了資源交換或取得而產生群聚。但隨著知識經濟時代來臨，知識成為群聚創新的主力，群聚中的廠商透過各種關係來交流知識，達到創新目的。因此本研究提出新型態的群聚—「知識型群聚」之存在，將群聚視為一種「帶來知識創新的空間」，此空間乃是由知識流動關係所交織而成，並非地理空間。本研究援引Saxenian對美國矽谷—台灣新竹—中國上海等三地之間跨區群聚研究作為例證，說明此種知識型群聚的特色：一、知識型群聚會隨著人才流動而轉移，透過不斷創業在同族裔的地區之間移動。二、知識型群聚是一種關係社群，因知識互動的需求而聚合。三、知識型群聚鼓勵創業活動，隨著知識的專精分化產生創業需求，強化全球化經濟的專業分工現象。知識型群聚成為全球化經濟發展下的新興現象，學者專家亦應將對群聚之理解擺脫空間限制，轉向關注知識，才能深入21世紀群聚的本質。最後，本研究提出「虛擬群聚」之構想，鼓勵未來研究繼續探討群聚完全脫離空間之可能發展。

This paper tries to explore the meaning of 'cluster' in the global economy, while the denotation of cluster shifting in recent three decades. We review three major schools in cluster study, the Italian district school, regional conglomeration view, and innovative milieu perspective, finding that past studies stressed the role of geographical proximity which facilitates firms exchanging and acquiring resources. However, it is knowledge interaction facilitates cluster innovation in the knowledge economy era. Knowledge in cluster is conveyed not only through physical contacts, bust also social relations. Therefore, we propose a new definition of cluster, knowledge-based cluster, which consists of all relations enacting knowledge creation but not a pure physical space. Thus the knowledge-based cluster is a non-geographic space.We imply Saxenian's current researches in the cross-regions cluster of Silicon Valley-Hsinchu-Shanghai as example and further indiacte three characteristics of knowledge-based cluster. First, knowledge-based cluster transfers it location with the flow of human resource, while the entrepreneurs from the same ethnicity moving in different regions. Second, knowledge-based cluster is the space of relations, linking various firms to inspire knowledge innovation. Third, entrepreneurial activities prevail over the knowledge-based cluster. Nascent enterprises emerge with the knowledge implication and industrial specification, extending the value-chain in the global economy. Lastly we propose an idea of virtual cluster, a completely unphysical form of cluster, and encourage further researches to study the possibility of existence of non-geographic cluster.

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