從衝突到合作：淺談博物館的文物歸還問題

From Dispute to Co-operation: Exploring Restitution and beyond

10.29997/JMC.201106.0003

柯秀雯(Florence Ko)

文物歸屬 ； 物件歸還 ； 文化重新統合 ； 文化國際主義 ； 文化國族主義 ； Restitution of cultural object ； reunification ； mediation ； cultural internationalism ； cultural nationalism

博物館與文化

1期（2011 / 06 / 01）

103 - 129

繁體中文

對博物館界而言，「物件歸還」（restitution）可說是最為複雜且情感交織的議題。它不僅映照出近現代歷史發展上殖民統治與被剝削的血淚痕跡，從最近十多年來不斷增加的批評聲浪，讓西方重要博物館反省思考「世界文化遺產」（theworld''''s heritage）的歷史意義與新時代的定義及詮釋。這幾年文物歸還議題的發展趨勢有了新的改變，漸漸地從物質性的層次提升到文化的層次，也就是從「物件歸還」轉變成博物館與文物源出社群間（source communities）的共同合作形式，這種轉變表徵出文化界對於「文物歸屬」問題，已經從物件歸還與否的法律解決策略層級，轉而思考文化發展脈絡的整體性。由於文物歸還議題所涉及的項目繁多，因此本文擬縮小研究分析對象，以千禧年後國際著名的跨國案例為主，挑選出3個不同類別的案例，從現有文獻整理並分析文物歸還的核心爭議點，同時簡介當前國際機構、外交界與博物館界如何處理文物歸還的問題，法律訴訟之外，協調的機制如何處理衝突危機。文章最後初步的結論，希望能提供博物館界在未來經營發展策略上，能有一個新的思考面向。

Restitution is one of the major challenges confronting the museum world in this century. It not only involves highly emotive and complex issues that reflect changing global power relations, but also has aroused persistent criticism of the historical concentration of ＂the world's heritage＂ in the western museums. Since the 2002 Declaration of the Importance and Value of Universal Museums, which was signed by the directors of eighteen of the world's most prominent museums, issues related to restitution have been subjected to enthusiastic debates and captured intensive media attentions. Moreover, the new wave of attention has encouraged innovative and multi-dimensional approaches. For example, the focus of debate has changed from ＂restitution＂ to ＂reunification＂, from ＂accusation＂ to ＂mediation＂. This article explores the new frontlines of this subject by focusing on three case studies which involve great works of antiquity that were displaced from their original location and are now displayed in western museums. Special attention is given to mediation as a useful strategy capable of resolving conflicts and reducing tensions. The implication for and the impact on museum worker as well as field of museum studies will also be discussed.