紐西蘭博物館的後典範興革－從島嶼記憶之重塑與展演談起

Post-paradigmatic Evolution of Museums in New Zealand: Remodeling and Performances of the Memory of the Islands

10.6686/MuseQ.201607_30(3).0002

楊翎(Lin Yang)

太平洋島嶼 ； 紐西蘭毛利人 ； 文化展演 ； 奧克蘭戰爭紀念博物館 ； 紐西蘭博物館 ； 後典範 ； Pacific islands ； Maori People of New Zealand ； cultural performances ； Auckland War Memorial Museum ； Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa ； post-paradigm

博物館學季刊

30卷3期（2016 / 07 / 01）

31 - 63+65

繁體中文

紐西蘭是世界南島語族分布最南端的區域，也是玻里尼西亞移民最後抵達的島嶼之一。四百年來西方殖民者對於太平洋島嶼的統治意圖，影響著博物館在歷史過程中對族群認同的塑造。面對殖民經驗對於被殖民者在現代化過程中所扮演的角色，博物館同時反映了解殖民力量的運作。本文以紐西蘭歷史最悠久的兩座博物館—奧克蘭戰爭紀念博物館(Auckland War Memorial Museum)和紐西蘭博物館(Te Papa Tongarewa)為例，探討毛利原住民相關展演設施之演繹、詮釋和實踐過程，以及博物館如何連結跨時間、跨空間、跨族群之權力、空間、藝術等面向，被客體化成為國家雙文化認同的依據。博物館作為國家象徵、文化生產和現代性的重要場域，其族群敘事的發展和變遷，伴隨著殖民系譜的聚散消長和多元族群文化權力之爭，擺盪於社會能量相互衝突、激粹和妥協之間，深度鑲嵌在殖民和解殖民記憶之重塑關係中。晚近國家政策逐步翻轉中心和邊緣族群的定義，博物館亦開始力尋「文化相對觀」的整合路徑，試圖在後典範的脈絡下，展現多元發展之「自我族群中心觀」的寬與厚，以期引導不同身分背景的觀眾，認識自我、同理他者，迎向後時代理想國家的想像。

New Zealand marks the southernmost region of the Austronesian distribution and one of the final destinations for Polynesian immigrants. For the past 400 years, western colonial domination of these Pacific islands has affected the role of museums in the shaping of ethnic identification. Museums simultaneously reflect the roles played by the colonized in the face of colonial experience during the modernization process and the operation of the colonial power. Based on the examples of New Zealand's two oldest museums, Auckland War Memorial Museum (Auckland Museum) and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the aims of this paper are to discuss the evolution, interpretation and practice of the relevant performance facilities of indigenous Maori, and investigate how both museums create links that cross time, space and ethnic groups to aspects such as power, space and art, thus objectifying bicultural identity on a national basis. A museum is a national symbol and an important site of cultural production and modernity. Narrative development and changes in ethnicity shown in museums are accompanied by growth and decline in colonial genealogy and power struggle of diverse ethnic cultures, with shifts among conflicts, purification and compromise of social momentum. Furthermore, museums are deeply embedded in reshaping the relationship between colonial and de-colonization memories. According to turnover and redefinition of center and boundary ethnic in recent national policy, museums must seek a path to integration based on the ＂cultural relativism concept＂, in an attempt to show the width and depth of the diverse ＂self-ethnic center concept＂ in the sequence of ideas post-paradigm. This will allow museums to guide audiences of different identities and backgrounds in gaining a better understanding of themselves, empathizing with others and moving toward the ideal of a post-modern country.

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