英文摘要
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Based on the examples gleaned from the Hakka written and spoken (including dialogues and monologues) data, we first find out the most frequent left and right collocates of ho and then narrow down to one such element on each side. Specifically, we focus on the co-occurrence of m + ho and ho + mo. The issues we then take up include the syntax, semantics, pragmatic/discourse functions, and distributions of these two constructions. The m + ho pattern can be divided into eight subtypes. Among them, m + ho is mainly used as a directive marker, expressing the notion that the agent participant is instructed or permitted to do what is involved, and as a deontic modal, expressing the notion of moral acceptability. On the other hand, ho + mo, used mainly as a mitigator, can be subdivided into four types. The influence of text types is shown by the fact that m + ho allows more collocates in the written language and that ho + mo is used as a rebuttal marker only in the spoken language. Finally, we examine the distributions of the two constructions in the Hakka textbooks compiled by the Ministry of Education and suggest that the different uses of m + ho and ho + mo be arranged in a more systematic way.
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