英文摘要
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Little attention has been directed to the lexical tones of Sixian Hakka in Zhuolan Township. Related studies are few in number, and are fieldwork surveys of traditional dialectology. The limit of traditional fieldwork surveys lies in the few participating informants and subjective phonetic transcription by researchers. For this reason, this study targeted at acoustically exploring the durations, contours and values of the tones in Sixian Hakka in Zhuolan Township, and compared the results of this study with those of traditional fieldwork surveys. Ten speech informants (five males and five females) took part in this research. Informants were required to read out a word list with six words for each of the six lexical tones in Zhuolan Sixian Hakka. Each word was successively read five times, the middle three of which were segmented for tonal analysis, so the total number of sound samples was 1080. This study used PRAAT to analyze fundamental frequency (F_0) and measure F_0 duration, followed by F_0 normalization. Finally, the means and standard deviations of the normalized F_0 of each tone in Zhuolan Sixian Hakka were used to draw charts of tone patterns. Based on this acoustic study, the six tones in Zhuolan Sixian Hakka were as follows: Yinping[33], Yangping[31], Shangsheng[42], Qusheng[54], Yinru[43] and Yangru[4]. As for tone duration, this study was like traditional fieldwork surveys in that non-checked tones were longer than checked tones. In terms of tone contour and value, this study differed from traditional fieldwork surveys in Yingping, Yangping and Yingru. In terms of dialact contact, this study showed that Dongshi Dapu Hakka has a strong tonal influence on Zhuolan Sixian Hakka. Finally, this study also discussed some issues related to the research results, like gender difference in language use and tonal variation.
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Cheng、 Ming-chung(2013).Voice onset time of syllable-initial stops in Sixian Hakka: isolated syllables.Journal of National Taiwan Normal University: Linguistics and Literature,58(2)
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