英文摘要
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This paper deals with [ts^h ~ s] variation in the Ngai language which is one sub-dialect of Hakka in Vietnam. The synchronic variation of [ts^h ~ s] in the Ngai language reflects the diachronic sound change of [ts^h > s]. During the process of sound change of [ts^h > s] in the Ngai language, many Ngai speakers pronounce the alternations between [ts^h], [s], and [s^h] on the same words. This phenomenon of alternations reflects both the generational sound change of [ts^h > s] in the Ngai language and its heterogeneity synchronically. The 'heterogeneous coexistence' of sound changes parallels the 'heterogeneous coexistence' of lexical diffusion and grammaticalization. In addition, this sound change is due to the language contact of the Ngai language with other ethnic languages. Northern Vietnam and southwestern China are the essential areas where language contact occurs with geographical characteristics.
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