Affective Agent Interfaces - A Review of Empirical Results with regard to Visual Impact

10.29465/IJDMD.201312_5(1).0001

Yi-Chen Hsu

Affective Agent Interfaces ； Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) ； Visual Impact

國際數位媒體設計學刊

5卷1期（2013 / 12 / 01）

1 - 9

英文

This review concerns human feelings when they interact with computational agents that are represented by visual characters, and these are regarded as affective factors. Computational agents that interact with humans usually through agent interfaces and natural language referred as Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs). In truth, agent interfaces are the media that allow users to interact with agents, albeit the design of efficient agent interfaces is necessary. This study concerns that affective agent interfaces are small in number and differ with regard to the measure methods. Here provides a broad and systematic overview of the empirical studies conducted so far in relation to visual impact of agent interfaces on users.

1. Bailenson, J.,Blascovich, J.,Guadagno, R.(2008).Self-Representations in Immersive Virtual Environments.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,38(11),2673-2690.
2. Bartneck, C.(2003).Interacting with an embodied emotional character.DPPI '03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Designing pleasurable products and interfaces,New York:
3. Baylor, A.(2009).Promoting motivation with virtual agents and avatars: role of visual presence and appearance.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,364(1535),3559-3565.
4. Baylor, A. L.(2005).Simulating Instructional Roles through Pedagogical Agents.International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education,95-115.
5. Baylor, A. L.,Kim, S.(2008).The Effects of Agent Nonverbal Communication on Procedural and Attitudinal Learning Outcomes.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,5208,208-214.
6. Baylor, A. L.,Kim, Y.(2004).Pedagogical agent design: the impact of agent realism, gender, ethnicity and instructional role.7th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS2004),Brasil:
7. Baylor, A. L.,Ryu, J.(2003).Does The presence of image and animation enhance pedagogical agent persona?.Journal of Educational Computing Research,28,373-395.
8. Baylor, A.,Kim, Y.(2005).Simulating Instructional Roles through Pedagogical Agents.International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education,15(2),95-115.
9. Baylor, A.,Rosenberg-Kima, R.(2006).Interface agents to alleviate online frustration.ICLS '06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Learning sciences,Bloomington: IN:
10. Berry, D.,Butler, L.,de Rosis, F.(2005).Evaluating a realistic agent in an advice-giving task.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,63(3),304-327.
11. Brave, S.,Nass, C.,Hutchinson, K.(2005).Computers that care: investigating the effects of orientation of emotion exhibited by an embodied computer agent.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,62(2),161-178.
12. Cassell, J.,Bickmore, T.,Billinghurst, M.,Campbell, L.,Chang, K.,Vilhjálmsson, H.(1999).Embodiment in conversational interfaces: Rea.CHI '99 Proceedings of The SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems: the CHI is the limit,New York:
13. Cassell, J.,Thorisson, K.(1999).The power of a nod and a glance: Envelope vs. emotional feedback in animated conversational agents.Applied Artificial Intelligence: An International Journal,13,519-538.
14. Clarebout, G.,Elen, J.,Johnson, W.,Shaw, E.(2002).Animated pedagogical agents. An opportunity to be grasped?.Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia,11(3),267-286.
15. Colburn, A. R.,Cohen, M. F.,Drucker, S. M.(2000).,Seattle, WA:Microsoft Research.
16. Dehn, D. M.,van Mulken, S.(2000).The Impact of Animated Interface Agents: A Review of Empirical Research.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,52,1-22.
17. Forlizzi, J.,Zimmerman, J.,Mancuso, V.,Kwak, S.(2007).How interface agents affect interaction between humans and computers.Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Designing pleasurable products and interfaces,New York:
18. Fox, J.,Bailenson, J.(2009).Virtual Self-Modeling: The Effects of Vicarious Reinforcement and Identification on Exercise Behaviors.Media Psychology,12(1),1-25.
19. Geven, A.,Schrammel, J.,Tschelig, M.(2006).Interacting with Embodied Agents that can see: How Vision-Enabled Agents can assist in Spatial Tasks.NordiCHI
20. Gong, L.(2008).How social is social responses to computers? The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations.Computers in Human Behavior,24(4),1494-1509.
21. Gong, L.,Nass, C.(2007).When a Talking-Face Computer Agent is Half-Human and Half-Humanoid: Human Identity and Consistency Preference.Human Communication Research,33,163-193.
22. Gulz, A.,Haake, M.(2006).Design of animated pedagogical agents - A look at their look.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,64(4),322-339.
23. Hoffmann, L.,Krämer, N.,Lam-chi, A.,Kopp, S.(2009).Media Equation Revisited: Do Users Show Polite Reactions towards an Embodied Agent?.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,159-165.
24. King, W.,Ohya, J.(1996).The representation of agents: anthropomorphism, agency, and intelligence.CHI '96 Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems: common ground,New York:
25. Koda, T.,Ishida, T.,Rehm, M.,André, E.(2009).Avatar culture: cross-cultural evaluations of avatar facial expressions.AI & Society,24(3),237-250.
26. Koda, T.,Maes, P.(1996).Agents with Faces: the Effect of Personification of Agents.Robot and Human Communication, 1996., 5th IEEE International Workshop
27. Krämer, N.,Bente, G.(2010).Personalizing e-Learning. The Social Effects of Pedagogical Agents.Educational Psychology Review,22(1),71-87.
28. Laurel, B.(1990).Interface Agent: Metaphors with Character.The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design,the United States of America:
29. Lee, E.-J.,Nass, C.(2002).Experimental tests of normative group influence and representation effects in computer-mediated communication: When interacting via computers differs from interacting with computers.Human Communication Research,28,349-381.
30. Lester, J. C.,Converse, S. A.,Kahler, S. E.,Barlow, T.,Stone, B. A.,Bhogal, R. S.(1997).The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents.Proceedings of the 1997 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,Atlanta, GA:
31. Lester, J.,Stone, B.,Converse, S.,Kahler, S.,Barlow, S.(1997).Animated Pedagogical Agents and Problem-Solving Effectiveness: A Large-Scale Empirical Evaluation.Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education,Kobe, Japan:
32. Mumm, J.,Mutlu, B.(2011).Designing motivational agents: The role of praise, social comparison, and embodiment in computer feedback.Computer in Human Behaviour,27,1643-1650.
33. Nass, C.,Isbister, K.,Lee, E.-J.(2000).Truth is beauty: researching embodied conversational agents.Embodied Conversational Agents,Cambridge, MA:
34. Norman, D.(2002).Emotion & design: attractive things work better.Interactions,9(4),36-42.
35. Nowak, K. L.,Rauh, C.(2005).The Influence of the Avatar on Online Perceptions of Anthropomorphism, Androgyny, Credibility, Homophily, and Attraction.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11(1),153-178.
36. Oviatt, S.,Adams, B.(2000).Designing and Evaluating Conversational Interfaces with Animated Characters.Embodied Conversational Agents,London:
37. Pelachaud, C.(2005).Multimodal Expressive Embodied Conversational Agents.Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual ACM International Conference on Multimedia,Singapore:
38. Reeves, B.,Nass, C.(1996).The Media Equation: How People Treat Computer, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
39. Rosenberg-Kima, R.,Baylor, A.,Ashby Plant, E.,Doerr, C.(2008).Interface agents as social models for female students: The effects of agent visual presence and appearance on female students’ attitudes and beliefs.Computers in Human Behavior,24(6),2741-2756.
40. Russell, J.(2003).Core affect and The psychological construction of emotion.Psychological Review,110,145-172.
41. Shneiderman, B.,Maes, P.(1997).Direct manipulation vs. interface agents.Interactions,42-61.
42. Sproull, L.,Subramani, M.,Kiesler, S.,Walker, J.,Waters, K.(1996).When the interface is a face.Human-Computer Interaction,11,97-124.
43. Sträfling, N.,Fleischer, I.,Polzer, C.,Leutner, D.,Krämer, N.(2010).Teaching learning strategies with a pedagogical agent: The effects of a virtual tutor and its appearance on learning and motivation.Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications,22(2),73-83.
44. Takeuchi, A.,Nagao, K.(1993).Communicative facial displays as a new conversational modality.CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems,Amsterdam:
45. Takeuchi, A.,Naito, T.(1995).Situated facial displays: towards social interaction.Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI+95 Conference Proceedings,New York:
46. van Vugt, H. C.,Hoorn, J. H.,Konijn, E. A.,de Bie Dimitradou, A.(2006).Affective affordances: Improving interface character engagement through interaction.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,64(9),874-888.
47. van Vugt, H. C.,Konijn, E. A.,Hoorn, J. F.(2009).Interactive engagement with embodied agents: an empirically validated framework.Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds,20(2-3),195-204.
48. van Vugt, H. C.,Konijn, E. A.,Hoorn, J. F.,Keur, I.,Eliëns, A.(2007).Realism is not all! User engagement with task-related interface characters.Interacting with Computers,19(2),267-280.
49. Vertegaal, R.,Slagter, R.,van der Veer, G.,Nijholt, A.(2001).Eye gaze patterns in conversations: there is more to conversational agents than meets the eyes.Proceedings of the 2001 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,Seattle, WA:
50. Walker, J. H.,Sproull, L.,Subramani, R.(1994).Using a human face in an interface.Proceedings of the 1994 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Celebrating Interdependence,Boston, MA:
51. Zhang, P.,Li, N.(2005).The importance of affective quality.Communications of The ACM,48(9),105-108.