题名

天下父母心:養育動機對消費者從眾傾向的影響

并列篇名

Parenting Motivation Salience Effect on Consumer Conformity

DOI

10.6504/JMBR.202003_37(1).0001

作者

楊俊明(Chun-Ming Yang)

关键词

養育動機 ; 消費者從眾傾向 ; 基本動機架構 ; 參考群體 ; 受歡迎性線索 ; parenting motivation ; consumer conformity ; fundamental motive framework ; reference group ; popularity cues

期刊名称

管理學報

卷期/出版年月

37卷1期(2020 / 03 / 01)

页次

1 - 34

内容语文

繁體中文;英文

中文摘要

以演化心理學之基本動機架構為基礎,本研究探討消費者在接觸養育動機顯要性線索後,是否會更加傾向互依自我建構而展現出從眾消費傾向。五個實驗的結果顯示:不論是透過事先喚起父母身份(實驗一)、或是讓消費者接觸到帶有人類嬰兒或兒童面孔的圖片(實驗二至五),都會使消費者展現出較高的從眾消費傾向,更加願意選擇受大多數消費者喜愛的產品(實驗一至三)、對高受歡迎性產品有較高購買意圖(實驗四)、特別是在產品是受內群體歡迎時(實驗五)。而此種養育動機顯要性對從眾消費的效果,乃是受消費者互依自我建構傾向中介(實驗二至五)。本研究也排除其他可能的替代解釋與干擾因素(實驗二至五),並根據結果說明對消費者行為研究之理論貢獻與行銷實務意涵。

英文摘要

By applying the fundamental motive framework of evolutionary psychology, this research investigated the effects of parenting motivation salience on consumer conformity. A series of five experiments revealed that parenting motivation salience enhanced consumers' preference for products selected by the majority (Studies 1-3) and purchase intention for products with high-popularity cues (Study 4). However, this effect was weakened when the product was popular among out-groups (Study 5). Consumers' interdependent self-construal orientation mediated the relationship between parenting motivation salience and consumer conformity. This research contributes to the related literature on the fundamental motives framework, consumer conformity, and self-construal theory. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.

主题分类 社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. 周軒逸, H. Y.,蘇璿, J(2018)。奢侈代表我的心!男性的伴侶守衛動機對奢侈品購買之影響。管理學報,35(1),27-56。
    連結:
  2. 鄭尹惠, Y. H.,高登第, D. T.,莊世杰, S. C.,陳淑惠, S. H.(2013)。調節焦點對消費者從眾行為影響。臺大管理論叢,24(1),207-232。
    連結:
  3. Aaker, J. L.,Lee, A. Y.(2001).I” seek pleasures and “we” avoid pains: The role of self-regulatory goals in information processing and persuasion.Journal of Consumer Research,28(1),33-49.
  4. Alexander, V. D.(1994).The image of children in magazine advertisements from 1905 to 1990.Communication Research,21(6),742-765.
  5. Aron, A.,Aron, E. N.,Smollan, D.(1992).Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(4),596-612.
  6. Barone, M. J.,Roy, T.(2010).Does exclusivity always pay off? Exclusive price promotions and consumer response.Journal of Marketing,74(2),121-132.
  7. Bearden, W. O.,Etzel, M. J.(1982).Reference group influence on product and brand purchase decisions.Journal of Consumer Research,9(2),183-194.
  8. Bearden, W. O.,Netemeyer, R. G.,Teel, J. E.(1989).Measurement of consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence.Journal of Consumer Research,15(4),473-481.
  9. Berger, J.,Heath, C.(2007).Where consumers diverge from others: Identity signaling and product domains.Journal of Consumer Research,34(2),121-134.
  10. Berger, J.,Heath, C.(2008).Who drives divergence? Identity signaling, outgroup dissimilarity, and the abandonment of cultural tastes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(3),593-607.
  11. Berger, J.,Rand, L.(2008).Shifting signals to help health: Using identity signaling to reduce risky health behaviors.Journal of Consumer Research,35(3),509-518.
  12. Bond, R.,Smith, P. B.(1996).Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task.Psychological Bulletin,119(1),111-137.
  13. Borgi, M.,Cogliati-Dezza, I.,Brelsford, V.,Meints, K.,Cirulli, F.(2014).Baby schema in human and animal faces induces cuteness perception and gaze allocation in children.Frontiers in Psychology,5,411.
  14. Bornstein, M. H.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting.New Jersey:Erlbaum.
  15. Brewer, M. B.,Gardner, W.(1996).Who is this" We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71(1),83-93.
  16. Briley, D. A.,Morris, M. W.,Simonson, I.(2005).Cultural chameleons: Biculturals, conformity motives, and decision making.Journal of Consumer Psychology,15(4),351-362.
  17. Buckels, E. E.,Beall, A. T.,Hofer, M. K.,Lin, E. Y.,Zhou, Z.,Schaller, M.(2015).Individual differences in activation of the parental care motivational system: Assessment, prediction, and implications.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(3),497-514.
  18. Burkart, J. M.,Hrdy, S. B.,Van Schaik, C. P.(2009).Cooperative breeding and human cognitive evolution.Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Review,18(5),175-186.
  19. Burkart, J. M.,van Schaik, C. P.(2010).Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in primates?.Animal Cognition,13(1),1-19.
  20. Burnkrant, R. E.,Cousineau, A.(1975).Informational and normative social influence in buyer behavior.Journal of Consumer Research,2(3),206-215.
  21. Chen, C. Y.(2009).Who I am and how I think: The impact of self‐construal on the roles of internal and external reference prices in price evaluations.Journal of Consumer Psychology,19(3),416-426.
  22. Chen, R.,Zheng, Y.,Zhang, Y.(2016).Fickle men, faithful women: Effects of mating cues on men's and women's variety‐seeking behavior in consumption.Journal of Consumer Psychology,26(2),275-282.
  23. Cialdini, R. B.,Goldstein, N. J.(2004).Social influence: Compliance and conformity.Annual Review of Psychology,55,591-621.
  24. Colarelli, S. M.,Dettmann, J. R.(2003).Intuitive evolutionary perspectives in marketing practices.Psychology & Marketing,20(9),837-865.
  25. Coultas, J. C.(2004).When in Rome... an evolutionary perspective on conformity.Group Processes & Intergroup Relations,7(4),317-331.
  26. Cross, S. E.,Bacon, P. L.,Morris, M. L.(2000).The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(4),791-808.
  27. Cross, S. E.,Hardin, E. E.,Gercek-Swing, B.(2011).The what, how, why, and where of selfconstrual.Personality and Social Psychology Review,15(2),142-179.
  28. Deutsch, M.,Gerard, H. B.(1955).A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,51(3),629-636.
  29. Dong, P.,Dai, X.,Wyer, R. S. Jr(2015).Actors conform, observers react: The effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,108(1),60-75.
  30. Duclos, R.,Barasch, A.(2014).Prosocial behavior in intergroup relations: How donor self-construal and recipient group-membership shape generosity.Journal of Consumer Research,41(1),93-108.
  31. Durante, K. M.,Griskevicius, V.(2016).Evolution and consumer behavior.Current Opinion in Psychology,10,27-32.
  32. Durante, K. M.,Griskevicius, V.(2018).Evolution and consumer psychology.Consumer Psychology Review,1(1),4-21.
  33. Eibach, R. P.,Libby, L. K.,Ehrlinger, J.(2009).Priming family values: How being a parent affects moral evaluations of harmless but offensive acts.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(5),1160-1163.
  34. Eibach, R. P.,Libby, L. K.,Gilovich, T. D.(2003).When change in the self is mistaken for change in the world.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(5),917-931.
  35. Eibach, R. P.,Mock, S. E.(2011).The vigilant parent: Parental role salience affects parents' risk perceptions, risk-aversion, and trust in strangers.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47(3),694-697.
  36. Escalas, J. E.,Bettman, J. R.(2005).Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning.Journal of Consumer Research,32(3),378-389.
  37. Fessler, D. M.,Holbrook, C.,Pollack, J. S.,Hahn Holbrook, J.(2014).Stranger danger: Parenthood increases the envisioned bodily formidability of menacing men.Evolution and Human Behavior,35(2),109-117.
  38. Garber, P. A.(1997).One for all and breeding for one: Cooperation and competition as a tamarin reproductive strategy.Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews,5(6),187-199.
  39. Gardner, W. L.,Gabriel, S.,Lee, A. Y.(1999).I” value freedom, but “we” value relationships: Self-construal priming mirrors cultural differences in judgment.Psychological Science,10(4),321-326.
  40. Gilead, M.,Liberman, N.(2014).We take care of our own: Caregiving salience increases out-group bias in response to out-group threat.Psychological Science,25(7),1380-1387.
  41. Glocker, M. L.,Langleben, D. D.,Ruparel, K.,Loughead, J. W.,Gur, R. C.,Sachser, N.(2009).Baby schema in infant faces induces cuteness perception and motivation for caretaking in adults.Ethology,115(3),257-263.
  42. Goldsmith, R. E.,Clark, R. A.,Lafferty, B. A.(2005).Tendency to conform: A new measure and its relationship to psychological reactance.Psychological Reports,96(3),591-594.
  43. Griskevicius, V.,Goldstein, N. J.,Mortensen, C. R.,Cialdini, R. B.,Kenrick, D. T.(2006).Going along versus going alone: When fundamental motives facilitate strategic (non) conformity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,91(2),281-294.
  44. Griskevicius, V.,Goldstein, N. J.,Mortensen, C. R.,Sundie, J. M.,Cialdini, R. B.,Kenrick, D. T.(2009).Fear and loving in Las Vegas: Evolution, emotion, and persuasion.Journal of Marketing Research,46(3),384-395.
  45. Griskevicius, V.,Kenrick, D. T.(2013).Fundamental motives: How evolutionary needs influence consumer behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,23(3),372-386.
  46. Gudykunst, W. B.,Lee, C. M.(2001).An agenda for studying ethnicity and family communication.Journal of Family Communication,1(1),75-85.
  47. Gürhan-Canli, Z.,Maheswaran, D.(2000).Cultural variations in country of origin effects.Journal of Marketing Research,37(3),309-317.
  48. Hahn-Holbrook, J.,Holbrook, C.,Haselton, M. G.(2011).Parental precaution: Neurobiological means and adaptive ends.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,35(4),1052-1066.
  49. Hamilton, R. W.,Biehal, G. J.(2005).Achieving your goals or protecting their future? The effects of self view on goals and choices.Journal of Consumer Research,32(2),277-283.
  50. Hayes, A. F.(2013).Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis.New York, NY:The Guilford Press.
  51. Hofer, M. K.,Buckels, E. E.,White, C. J. M.,Beall, A. T.,Schaller, M.(2018).Individual differences in activation of the parental care motivational system: An empirical distinction between protection and nurturance.Social Psychological and Personality Science,9(8),907-916.
  52. Hofstede, G.(2001).Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
  53. Hogeveen, J.,Obhi, S. S.(2011).Altogether now: Activating interdependent self-construal induces hypermotor resonance.Cognitive Neuroscience,2(2),74-82.
  54. Holland, R. W.,Roeder, U. R.,van Baaren, R. B.,Brandt, A. C.,Hannover, B.(2004).Don't stand so close to me: The effects of self-construal on interpersonal closeness.Psychological Science,15(4),237-242.
  55. Huang, X.,Zhang, M.,Hui, M. K.,Wyer, R. S. Jr.(2014).Warmth and conformity: The effects of ambient temperature on product preferences and financial decisions.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(2),241-250.
  56. Huh, Y. E.,Vosgerau, J.,Morewedge, C. K.(2014).Social defaults: Observed choices become choice defaults.Journal of Consumer Research,41(3),746-760.
  57. Kenrick, D. T.,Griskevicius, V.,Sundie, J. M.,Li, N. P.,Li, Y. J.,Neuberg, S. L.(2009).Deep rationality: The evolutionary economics of decision-making.Social Cognition,27(5),764-785.
  58. Kerry, N.,Murray, D. R.(2018).Conservative parenting: Investigating the relationships between parenthood, moral judgment, and social conservatism.Personality and Individual Differences,134,88-96.
  59. Kim, H.,Markus, H. R.(1999).Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,77(4),785-800.
  60. Kinsey, J.(1987).The use of children in advertising and the impact of advertising aimed at children.International Journal of Advertising,6(2),169-175.
  61. Klick, J.,Parisi, F.(2008).Social networks, self-denial, and median preferences: Conformity as an evolutionary strategy.Journal of Socio-Economics,37(4),1319-1327.
  62. Lascu, D. N.,Zinkhan, G.(1999).Consumer conformity: Review and applications for marketing theory and practice.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,7(3),1-12.
  63. Lee, A. Y.,Aaker, J. L.,Gardner, W. L.(2000).The pleasures and pains of distinct self-construals: The role of interdependence in regulatory focus.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(6),1122-1134.
  64. Lee, Y.(2017).The effects of self-construal on product popularity.Journal of MarketingManagement,5(2),15-21.
  65. Li, Y. J.,Haws, K. L.,Griskevicius, V.(2019).Parenting motivation and consumer decision-making.Journal of Consumer Research,45(5),1117-1137.
  66. Li, Y. J.,Kenrick, D. T.,Griskevicius, V.,Neuberg, S. L.(2012).Economic decision biases and fundamental motivations: how mating and self-protection alter loss aversion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102(3),550-561.
  67. Li, Y. J.,Liu, Y.(2018).Are parents patient? The influence of parenting role salience and parental status on impatience.Frontiers in psychology,9,1523.
  68. Liang, B.,He, Y.(2012).The effect of culture on consumer choice: The need for conformity vs. the need for uniqueness.International Journal of Consumer Studies,36(3),352-359.
  69. Ma, J.,Gal, D.(2016).When sex and romance conflict: the effect of sexual imagery in advertising on preference for romantically linked products and services.Journal of Marketing Research,53(4),479-496.
  70. Ma, Z.,Yang, Z.,Mourali, M.(2014).Consumer adoption of new products: Independent versus interdependent self-perspectives.Journal of Marketing,78(2),101-117.
  71. Markus, H. R.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review,98(2),224-253.
  72. Markus, H. R.,Kitayama, S.(2010).Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution.Perspectives on Psychological Science,5(4),420-430.
  73. Mascheroni, G.(Ed.),Ponte, C.(Ed.),Jorge, A.(Ed.)(2018).The challenges for families in the digital age: 209-218.Göteborg:Nordicom.
  74. Mathur, V. A.,Harada, T.,Lipke, T.,Chiao, J. Y.(2010).Neural basis of extraordinary empathy and altruistic motivation.Neuroimage,51(4),1468-1475.
  75. Mikulincer, M.,Shaver, P. R.,Gillath, O.,Nitzberg, R. A.(2005).Attachment, caregiving, and altruism: Boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,89(5),817-839.
  76. Murray, D. R.,Schaller, M.(2012).Threat(s) and conformity deconstructed: Perceived threat of infectious disease and its implications for conformist attitudes and behavior.European Journal of Social Psychology,42(2),180-188.
  77. Neel, R.,Kenrick, D. T.,White, A. E.,Neuberg, S. L.(2016).Individual differences in fundamental social motives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,110(6),887-907.
  78. Ng, J. W. X.,Tong, E. M. W.,Sim, D. L. Y.,Teo, S. W. Y.,Loy, X.,Giesbrecht, T.(2017).Gratitude facilitates private conformity: A test of the social alignment hypothesis.Emotion,17(2),379-387.
  79. Oishi, S.,Schimmack, U.,Diener, E.,Suh, E. M.(1998).The measurement of values and individualism collectivism.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,24(11),1177-1189.
  80. Papyrina, V.(2012).If I want you to like me, should I be like you or unlike you? The effect of prior positive interaction with the group on conformity and distinctiveness in consumer decision making.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,11(6),467-476.
  81. Park, H. S.(2001).Self‐construals as motivating factors in opinion shifts resulting from exposure to majority opinions.Communication Reports,14(2),105-116.
  82. Pöhlmann, C.,Carranza, E.,Hannover, B.,Iyengar, S. S.(2007).Repercussions of self–construal for self–relevant and other–relevant choice.Social Cognition,25(2),284-305.
  83. Preston, S. D.(2013).The origins of altruism in offspring care.Psychological Bulletin,139(6),1305-1341.
  84. Ruvio, A.,Shoham, A.,Brenčič, M. M.(2008).Consumers' need for uniqueness: Short-form scale development and cross-cultural validation.International Marketing Review,25(1),33-53.
  85. Saad, G.(2013).Evolutionary consumption.Journal of Consumer Psychology,23(3),351-371.
  86. Saad, G.(2017).On the method of evolutionary psychology and its applicability to consumer research.Journal of Marketing Research,54(3),464-477.
  87. Saad, G.(2008).The collective amnesia of marketing scholars regarding consumers' biological and evolutionary roots.Marketing Theory,8(4),425-448.
  88. Saad, G.,Gill, T.(2000).Applications of evolutionary psychology in marketing.Psychology & Marketing,17(12),1005-1034.
  89. Saad, G.,Stenstrom, E.(2012).Calories, beauty, and ovulation: The effects of the menstrual cycle on food and appearance-related consumption.Journal of Consumer Psychology,22(1),102-113.
  90. Schaller, M.(2018).The parental care motivational system and why it matters for everyone.Current Directions in Psychological Science,27(5),295-301.
  91. Schaller, M.,Kenrick, D. T.,Neel, R.,Neuberg, S. L.(2017).Evolution and human motivation: A fundamental motives framework.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,11(6),e12319.
  92. Sherman, G. D.,Haidt, J.,Coan, J. A.(2009).Viewing cute images increases behavioral carefulness.Emotion,9(2),282-286.
  93. Simonson, I.,Nowlis, S. M.(2000).The role of explanations and need for uniqueness in consumer decision making: Unconventional choices based on reasons.Journal of Consumer Research,27(1),49-68.
  94. Singelis, T. M.(1994).The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,20(5),580-591.
  95. Song, D.,Lee, J.(2013).Balancing “We” and “I”: Self‐construal and an alternative approach to seeking uniqueness.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,12(6),506-516.
  96. Sun, T.,Tai, Z.,Tsai, K. C.(2009).The role of interdependent self-construal in consumers’ susceptibility to retail salespersons’ influence: A hierarchical approach.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,16(5),360-366.
  97. Sundie, J. M.,Kenrick D. T,Griskevicius, V.,Tybur, J. M.,Vohs, K. D.,Beal, D. J.(2011).Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,100(4),664-680.
  98. Swaminathan, V.,Page, K. L.,Gürhan-Canli, Z.(2007).My” brand or “our” brand: The effects of brand relationship dimensions and self-construal on brand evaluations.Journal of Consumer Research,34(2),248-259.
  99. Terry, D. J.,Hogg, M. A.(1996).Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,22(8),776-793.
  100. Tian, K. T.,Bearden, W. O.,Hunter, G. L.(2001).Consumers' need for uniqueness: Scale development and validation.Journal of Consumer Research,28(1),50-66.
  101. Tomasello, M.,Carpenter, M.(2007).Shared intentionality.Developmental Science,10(1),121-125.
  102. Torelli, C. J.(2006).Individuality or conformity? The effect of independent and interdependent self‐concepts on public judgments.Journal of Consumer Psychology,16(3),240-248.
  103. Van Baaren, R. B.,Maddux, W. W.,Chartrand, T. L.,de Bouter, C.,van Knippenberg, A.(2003).It takes two to mimic: Behavioral consequences of self construals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84(5),1093-1102.
  104. Van Schaik, C. P.,Burkart, J. M.(2010).Mind the gap: Cooperative breeding and the evolution of our unique features.Berlin, Heidelberg:Springer.
  105. Wan, E. W.,Xu, J.,Ding, Y.(2014).To be or not to be unique? The effect of social exclusion on consumer choice.Journal of Consumer Research,40(6),1109-1122.
  106. Wang, C.,Wu, B.,Liu, Y.,Wu, X.,Han, S.(2015).Challenging emotional prejudice by changing self concept: Priming independent self-construal reduces racial in-group bias in neural responses to other’s pain.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(9),1195-1201.
  107. Wang, J.,Zhu, R.,Shiv, B.(2011).The lonely consumer: Loner or conformer?.Journal of Consumer Research,38(6),1116-1128.
  108. Wang, Y.,Griskevicius, V.(2014).Conspicuous consumption, relationships, and rivals: Women’s luxury products as signals to other women.Journal of Consumer Research,40(5),834-854.
  109. White, K.,Dahl, D. W.(2007).Are all out-groups created equal? Consumer identity and dissociative influence.Journal of Consumer Research,34(4),525-536.
  110. White, K.,Dahl, D. W.(2006).To be or not be? The influence of dissociative reference groups on consumer preferences.Journal of Consumer Psychology,16(4),404-414.
  111. White, K.,Simpson, B.,Argo, J. J.(2014).The motivating role of dissociative out-groups in encouraging positive consumer behaviors.Journal of Marketing Research,51(4),433-447.
  112. Wilson, M.,Daly, M.(2004).Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future?.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,271(Suppl 4),S177-S179.
  113. Wu, B. P.,Chang, L.(2012).The social impact of pathogen threat: How disease salience influences conformity.Personality and Individual Differences,53(1),50-54.
  114. Xu, J.,Shen, H.,Wyer, R. S. Jr(2012).Does the distance between us matter? Influences of physical proximity to others on consumer choice.Journal of Consumer Psychology,22(3),418-423.
  115. Yang, Z.,Wang, J.,Mourali, M.(2015).Effect of peer influence on unauthorized music downloading and sharing: The moderating role of self construal.Journal of Business Research,68(3),516-525.
  116. Zhang, Y.,Mittal, V.(2007).The attractiveness of enriched and impoverished options: Culture, self construal, and regulatory focus.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,33(4),588-598.
  117. Zhu, R.,Argo, J. J.(2013).Exploring the impact of various shaped seating arrangements on persuasion.Journal of Consumer Research,40(2),336-349.