尊王與王霸－由李覯、王安石論政治的秩序與批判

Across "Reverence for the king" and "King/hegemon": The Transition of Political Thought from Li Gou to Wang Anshi

10.29419/SICL.202307_(56).0004

李尚謙(Lee Shang-chien)

李覯 ； 王安石 ； 尊王 ； 王霸 ； 儒家政治思想 ； Li Gou ； Wang Anshi ； "Reverence for the king" ； "King/hegemon" ； Confucian political thought

中國文學研究

56期（2023 / 07 / 01）

107 - 152

繁體中文;英文

「尊王」與「王霸」是儒家政治思想的兩個重要主題，兩者間的意涵有所重疊，亦存在可能的衝突。因為「尊王」大抵是現實政治上支持君王的號召，是以鞏固秩序為著眼；而「王霸」則寓含對現實中統治者的批判意識，是高持理想以嚴判政治良窳為使命。過去學界並未正視兩者的關聯性，僅視作不同論域的主張。本文以李覯為主，並及王安石，探究其王霸政治觀的異同，指陳北宋前期存在由尊王論者介入王霸討論的一種特殊立場，名之為「秩序的王霸論」，與源自先秦儒家傳統的「批判的王霸論」相左；進而勾勒北宋前期思想中「尊王」與「王霸」二主題的匯合與交錯，並於該發展中，嘗試指出李覯所預示之轉折意義，以及王安石奠定宋代「批判的王霸論」之關鍵地位。

"Reverence for the king" (尊王) and "king/hegemon" (王霸) are two important issues appearing in political thought in ancient Confucianism. "Reverence for the king" refers specifically to practicing political advocacy for the emperor, whereas "king/hegemon" contains a strict distinction between kingliness and hegemony, which implies a critical consciousness towards power. The former tends to place the most emphasis on pragmatic concerns pertaining to maintaining the stability of order, while the latter concentrates on distinguishing hypocritical regimes from a legitimate regime based on human ideals, even if such an idea may exist only in theory. In past studies, scholars have usually categorized these two issues as separate domains independent of each other, and as a result the intersection between "reverence for the king" and "king/hegemon" has not been well explored. This article thus elucidates both the partial overlap as well as tension and antagonism between the two concepts. These overlaps and tensions can be detected by respectively examining the historical tradition and the concrete context in which political realities unfolded. Focusing on the ideas of ancient Confucian scholars Li Gou (李覯) and Wang Anshi (王安石) of the Song Dynasty, this article primarily investigates their different perspectives on the latter issue in the early Northern Song dynasty. Also, the intersection and divergence between two issues, "Reverence for the king" (尊王) and "king/hegemon" (王霸), could be illuminated by identifying two stances on the distinction between kingliness and hegemony. The first stance is depicted as being interfered and even dominated by "reverence for the king," resulting in the "ordered form of king/hegemon", and the other is conversely referred to as "critical form of king/hegemon", which carried on the Confucian tradition from the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Finally, this study verifies both Li Gou's transitive sign in Chinese political thought development and Wang Anshi's critical position for reviving the Pre-Qin Confucian tradition.