袁中道之園林實踐與生命安頓：以玉泉山居為中心

Yuan Zhongdao's Garden Landscapes and his Search for Inner Peace: A study of Yuan Zhongdao's Yuquan Garden

10.29419/SICL.202307_(56).0005

沈彥希(Shen Yan-xi)

袁中道 ； 園林 ； 玉泉寺 ； 山水療癒 ； 生命安頓 ； Yuan Zhongdao ； garden ； Yuquan Temple ； landscape healing ； peace of mind

中國文學研究

56期（2023 / 07 / 01）

153 - 206

繁體中文;英文

本文以袁中道（字小修，號柴紫居士）隱居玉泉時期的相關作品為主要考察範疇，試圖闡釋其園林審美觀念及山居體驗，並進一步發掘其內在精神與生命意識。筆者首先結合小修之生命境遇，分析其歸隱玉泉之由：萬曆三十八年袁宏道（字中郎，號石公）逝世，在極度的孤絕與痛苦之下，昔日曾與中郎一同拜訪的玉泉勝地成為其內心嚮往的蔭蔽之所。兄長逝世之外因，令小修對生命困境進行更深刻的反省，惜身保命、收攝持謹，同為其有意識的生命調適。其次，探究小修玉泉山居之空間規劃及居遊視角，其以玉泉寺作為棲居之所，並於寺院園林之中，營構柴紫庵與堆藍亭、爽籟亭。他巧妙選址，以獨特的審美視角規劃靜修空間，並於山依水縈的寺院園林之內，展開觀覽山水的審美活動，遂能逐步卸下世緣束縛與內心重擔，清淨自在地與山色泉聲相親。在這一基礎上，小修進一步獲得安居之感，真正以棲居者的視角觀看身邊的一草一木，與園林空間建立起更深層次的緊密關係。居於此安定的精神家園，令小修能夠以更平和的心態展開對個體存在與死生性命的深刻思考，他在觀覽山水之時，一方面試圖進入虛靜的生命狀態，借山水之「冷」以滌蕩塵俗之「熱」與舊有積習；另一方面，他亦與高僧道友談禪問道、共作念佛因緣，以希借法水超越對死生性命的憂慮與恐懼，通過腳踏實地的「悟」與「修」進行反省懺悔。山水療癒與靜修自省、堆藍結社與禪淨兼修，成為小修山居生活之雙重旋律，分析其詩文、尺牘、日記可知，山水與園林、佛法與知音，或能令這無依的靈魂、不安的生命，逐步得到真正的安頓。

This paper focuses on Yuan Zhongdao's (courtesy name: Xiaoxiu, artistic name: Lay Buddhist Chaizi) garden landscapes produced during his reclusion in Yuquan Mountain. It attempts to expound on his landscaping aesthetic and reclusion experience, as well as the extent to which these two things reflect his inner spirit and sense of life. This paper first analyses the main reasons for Zhongdao's reclusion on Yuquan Mountain, in particular the death of his brother Yuan Hongdao (courtesy name: Zhonglang, artistic name: Shigong) in the Year 38 of Ming Emperor Wanli. In search for a spiritual sanctuary from his solitude and despair, Zhongdao decided on Yuquan Temple, a site both brothers had previously visited together, as his destination for reclusion. The death of his brother was a life-changing and self-reflection-inducing experience for Zhongdao, one that spurred him to consciously place greater value on life by observing greater moral prudence and spiritual piety. This paper subsequently explores Zhongdao's design of living spaces in Yuquan Garden, where he situated the Chaizi Buddhist convent, Duilan Pavilion and Shuanglai Pavilion. His choice of site and unique aesthetic enabled him to convert Yuquan Garden into a serene and peaceful place of seclusion, one that was not only surrounded by beautiful valleys and rivers, but more importantly was spiritually liberating and free of secular burdens. As the garden gradually became his home, Zhongdao established a deeper and closer relationship to the space, ultimately acquiring the ability to view its natural flora from an inhabitant's perspective. Reacting to events that transpired in his time at Yuquan Gardens, Zhongdao reflected more deeply on the personal experience of life and death while he was there. For example, by immersing himself in the scenic landscape, he endeavored to attain a state of inner silence by utilizing the "coldness" of the landscapes to drive away the "heat" of secular life and habits. He also engaged in discussions involving Zen Buddhism with lay Buddhists and eminent monks; he also practiced self-reflection and Buddhist mindfulness in order to dispel anxieties and fears surrounding life and death, engaging in methods of spiritual cultivation and enlightenment presented by Zen and Pure Land Buddhism. Indeed, through an analysis of Zhongdao's poems, letters, and diary entries, it can be seen that the landscape, the gardens, the Dharma, and his spiritual confidants played an important role in helping him attain inner peace in an otherwise lonely existence.