論武裝衝突時軍事目標之選定

Military Object Distinction during Armed Conflicts

簡銘儀(Chien, Ming-Yi)

武裝衝突法 ； 國際人道法 ； 區別原則 ； 軍事目標主義 ； 無差別攻擊 ； 敵對行為 ； Law of Armed Conflict ； International Humanitarian Law ； Principle of Distinction ； Doctrine of Military Objectives ； Indiscrimination Attacks ； Hostilities

軍法專刊

65卷6期（2019 / 12 / 01）

69 - 89

繁體中文

聯合國憲章所確立之「禁止使用武力原則」，乃當代國際法最重要發展之一，其核心理念主要在於促使國際爭端得以和平解決，然環視當今國際社會現況，武裝衝突事件似乎未曾停歇，其所衍生之國際法問題牽涉層面既廣又深具複雜性，已成為世界各國不得不審慎嚴肅面對之重要課題。當武裝衝突發生之際，對於交戰者而言，應如何選定合法之攻擊目標至為關鍵，此可從軍事目標主義及區別原則之基本內涵窺其梗概。次就歷史發展經緯以觀，在陸海空戰各法規中對於攻擊目標之規範各有不同，且自1949年四個日內瓦公約及1977年兩個附加議定書締結後，除強調武裝衝突時之目標識別義務外，更發展出以目標選定基準作為軍事行動設定攻擊對象之判別依據。再者，國際條約所明定之堤防、水壩等重要設施、文化財產、宗教設施與醫療設施等，依法均須加以保護及尊重，自不得成為攻擊目標，探究其成立背景，主要係源自人道思想而來。基於攻擊目標之多面向性，本文主要以武裝衝突法上攻擊目標之選定問題為探討核心，此將有助於吾人更深層地瞭解其相關規範。

The ＂non-use of force＂ principle established by the UN Charter is one of the most important developments in contemporary international law. Its core concept is mainly to promote peaceful settlement of international disputes. However, taking a look at the current situation of the international community, incidents of armed conflicts do not seem to have ceased. And the international issues derived concern a wide range of complexities and have become so significant that all countries have to tackle with caution and seriousness. When armed conflicts occur, it is crucial for the belligerents to decide legitimate objects of attack. This can be seen from the basic connotation of military objects and the principle of distinction. Judging by the historical development, the laws and regulations on military targets of land, naval and air warfare are different, and since the conclusion of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two additional protocols of 1977, in addition to object distinction during armed conflicts, criteria are used as the basis for determining the objects of attack in military operations. Furthermore, important facilities such as levees, dams, as well as cultural property, religious facilities and medical facilities defined in international treaties must not be targeted and must be protected and respected in accordance with the law. The background of their establishment mainly came from humanism. In view of the multi-faceted nature of targets, this paper focuses on the distinction of the objects during armed conflicts, which will give us a deeper understanding of the relevant norms.

1. 1982年聯合國海洋法公約（UNCLOS）第29條
2. 保護文化財產公約第16條。
3. Arend, Anthony Clark,Beck, Robert J.(2014).International Law and the Use of Force.Routledge.
4. Aust, Anthony(2010).Handbook of International Law.Cambridge University Press.
5. Boothby, William(2012).The Law of Targeting.Oxford University Press.
6. Bowett, D. W.(1958).Self-Defence in International Law.Manchester University Press.
7. Brownlie, Ian(2008).Principles of Public International Law.Oxford University Press.
8. Cassese, Antonio(2005).International Law.Oxford University Press.
9. Crawford, James(2006).The Creation of States in International Law.Oxford University Press.
10. D'Amato, Anthony(1983).Israel's Air Strike upon the Iraqi Nuclear Reactor.AJIL,77(3),584-588.
11. Dinstein, Yoram(2016).The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict.Cambridge University Press.
12. Doswald-Beck, Louise(ed.)(1995).San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea.Cambridge University Press.
13. Evans, Malcolm D.(ed.)(2010).International Law.Oxford University Press.
14. Falk, Richard A.(1965).The Shimoda Case: A Legal Appraisal of the Atomic Attacks Upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki.AJIL,59(4),759-793.
15. Fleck, Dieter(ed.)(2008).The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law.Oxford University Press.
16. Gray, Christine(2018).International Law and the Use of Force.Oxford University Press.
17. Green, Leslie C.(2017).The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict.Manchester University Press.
18. Greenwood, Christopher(1983).The Relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello.Review of International Studies,9,221-225.
19. Kalshoven, Frits(2011).Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law.Cambridge University Press.
20. Levie, Howard S.(1993).Submarine Warfare with Emphasis on the 1936 London Protocol.Targeting Enemy Merchant Shipping
21. O' Keefe, Roger(2006).The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict.Cambridge University Press.
22. Richard, Theodore T.(2019).Unofficial United States Guide to the First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949.Air University Press.
23. Ruys, Tom(ed.),Corten, Olivier(ed.),Hofer, Alexandra(ed.)(2018).The Use of Force in International Law: A Case-Based Approach.Oxford University Press.
24. Sandoz, Y.(ed.),Swinarski, C.(ed.),Zimmermann, B.(ed.)(1987).Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949.Martinus Nijhoff.
25. Shearer, I.A.(1994).Starke’s International Law.Butterworths.
26. Sivakumaran, Sandesh(2012).The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict.Oxford University Press.
27. Solis, Gray D.(2010).The Law of Armed Conflict-International Humanitarian Law in War.Cambridge University Press.
28. UK Ministry of Defence(2004).The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict.Oxford University Press.
29. US Department of Defense(2000).Report to Congress: Kosovo/Operation Allied Force After-Action Report.
30. US Department of Defense(1992).Conduct of the Persian Gulf War: Final Report to Congress.
31. von Glahn, Gerhard(1970).Law Among Nations.Macmillan.
32. 大沼保昭(2002)。資料で読み解く国際法（下）。東信堂。
33. 小田滋編、石本泰雄編(2004)。国際法と戦争違法化─その論理構造と歴史性─。信山社。
34. 小寺彰編、森川幸一編、西村弓編(2011)。国際法判例百選。有斐閣。
35. 小松一郎(2011)。実践国際法。信山社。
36. 山本草二(2004)。国際法。有斐閣。
37. 山本草二編、古川照美編、松井芳郎編(2001)。国際法判例百選。有斐閣。
38. 太寿堂鼎編(1973)。変動期の国際法。有信堂。
39. 丘宏達,陳純一（修訂）(2017).現代國際法.三民書局.
40. 田中忠(1979)。戦闘手段制限の外観と内実。国際法外交雑誌，78(3)，44-45。
41. 田畑茂二郎(1991)。国際法新講（下）。東信堂。
42. 立作太郎，《戦時国際公法》，中央大学，1923年，91-94頁。
43. 竹本正幸(1996)。国際人道法の再確認と発展。東信堂。
44. 村瀬信也編、真山全編(2006)。武力紛争法の国際法。東信堂。
45. 阿部恵(1998)。武力紛争法規における比例性（proportionality）とその変質。上智法学論集，42(1)，221-238。
46. 城戸正彦(1958)。第二大戦および戦後の国際法学説における軍事目標主義。国際法外交雑誌，57(5)，58-59。
47. 城戸正彦(1998)。戦争と国際法。嵯峨野書院。
48. 柳原正治(2001)。いわゆる無差別戦争と戦争の違法化。世界法年報，20，3-29。
49. 真山全(1996)。海戦法規における目標区別原則の新展開（一）。国際法外交雑誌，95(5)，3-8-14。
50. 高野雄一(1991)。国際法概論（下）。弘文堂。
51. 筒井若水編(1998)。国際法典。有斐閣。
52. 魏靜芬(2013)。論武裝衝突之交戰者資格。軍法專刊，59(2)，115。
53. 藤田久一(2005)。国際人道法。有信堂。
54. 浅田正彦編(2011)。国際法。東信堂。

1. 林昕璇(2021)。AI自主性武器系統在國際法上適用之研析。軍法專刊，67(4)，20-44。