羅貫中講史小說之真偽性質

On the Authenticity of Lo Kuan-chung's Historical Romances

10.29708/JCS.CUHK.197612_8(1).0024

柳存仁(LIU Ts'UN-YAN)

中國文化研究所學報

8卷1期（1976 / 12 / 01）

169 - 234

繁體中文

This is a revised and also enlarged Chinese version of Professor Liu's earlier monograph on the life and works of Lo Kuan-chung 羅貫中which appeared in the second volume of the Mélanges de Sinologie offerts à Monsieur Paul Demiéville (Paris, 1974). The author has also utilized new materials, in particular, the only extant copy of the Ch'a-tseng version of the Shui-hu chuan 新刊京本全像插增田虎王慶忠義水滸全傳 preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and the 20-chapter version of the San-Sui p'ing-yao chuan 三遂平妖傳, a microfilm copy of which taken from the original Ming edition of the novel had been presented to him by Professor Tien-yi Li 李田意教授 of the Ohio State University. Lo Kuan-chung has been recognized as a great author of Chinese popular novels and tsa-chū 雜劇 (variety plays) since the early years of the sixteenth century. Contemporary scholars of the history of Chinese literature generally attribute to him the following seven works: (1) The tsa-chü ＂Sung T'ai-tsu lung-hu fêng-yün-hui＂ 宋太祖龍虎風雲會 [The Wind-Cloud Meeting of the Dragon and the Tigers]; (2) A part of the existing version of the Ta-T'ang Ch'in-wang tz'u-hua 大唐秦王詞話 [The Tz'u-hua of Prince Ch'in, the Founder of the T'ang Dynasty]; (3) San-kuo chih yen-yi 三國志演義 [The Romance of the Three Kingdoms]; (4) Sui-T'ang liang-ch'ao chih-chuan 隋唐兩朝志傳 [The Romance of the Sui and T'ang Dynasties]; (5) Ts'an-Tang Wu-tai-shih yen-yi-chuanH [The Romance of the Five Dynas- ties]; (6) A part of the Shui-hu chuan [The Water Margin]; and (7) The ＂old version＂ of the San-Sui p'ing-yao chuan [The Sorcerer's Revolt and Its Suppression by the Three Suis]. As a result of his research based on a detailed and meticulous textual comparison, Professor Liu has come to the inevitable conclusion which may be summed up in the following three points: (1) The real Lo Kuan-chung, known as an author of popular fiction and a playwright, was the compiler of the San-kuo chih-chuan 三國志傳 from which the later editions of the San-kuo chih yen-yi were derived, of some parts of the Ta-T'ang Ch'in-wang tz'u-hua, of the T'ien-Wang 田虎王慶 section of the simpler version 簡本 of the Shui-hu, and of the tsa-chü Lung-hu feng-yün-hui. (2) He might have also compiled the Ts'an-T'ang Wu-tai-shih yen-yi-chuan and the Sui-T'ang romance. (3) But the more sophisticated version of the Shui-hu in the 100-chapter editions 百囘繁本水滸and the popular edition of the P'ing-yao chuan in 40 chapters should not be attributed to him. Professor Liu's deductions have been based on the following reasons: (1) In the simpler version of the Shui-hu, as represented by the 115-chapter edition of the work, there are many verses as well as digressive developments of the various stories not found in the elaborated version. They may be crude, they may even be vulgar, but they can hardly be interpreted as being an abridgement of another work. (2) The 115-chapter edition is quite antiquated in style. It does not represent any discernable stage of a colloquial style of a living language. In this respect it differs substantially from the sophisticated version of the Shui-hu which preserves much of the lively and exuberant oration of a story-teller's daily work. (3) The T'ien-Wang section is not found in the 100-chapter editions of the sophisticated version. In order to include it in the ＂abridged＂ editions, it would have been necessary to have someone create the story first, -for the abridgement, if there ever was any, could not possibly have been made from the 120-chapter edition of 1614. This point has so far been difficult to establish. (4) Some of the unpolished tales found in the 115-chapter editions, such as the story of the Cock-fighting Village, have actually a very early origin which can be traced back to Yüan times. But they are not included in the supposedly earlier editions of the sophisticated version. (5) And what is most important, the style of writing in the San-kuo chih-chuan is fundamentally different from both the popular version of the San-Sui p'ing-yao chuan and the sophisticated version of the Shui-hu. Under these circumstances it will, therefore, be more reasonable, the author thinks, to accept his suggestions in this matter than to acquiesce in a traditional point of view as held by most of his predecessors in the past sixty years.