數詞與量詞系統在民族接觸下的變化：以藏緬語Sunwar和Rabha為例

On the variation of numeral systems and classifier systems under ethnic contact: A case study of Sunwar and Rabha in Tibeto-Burman

10.30403/Ethnologia.201810_(42).0003

李孟璋(LI Bing-tsiong)；楊雯淇(YANG Wen-chi)；何萬順(HER One-soon)

藏緬語 ； 量詞 ； 分類詞 ； 位數詞 ； 語言借用 ； Sunwar ； Rabha ； Tibeto-Burman ； classifier ； numeral ； base ； borrowing

民族學界

42期（2018 / 10 / 01）

39 - 79

繁體中文

不同民族在長期的接觸下，其語言也自然會相互影響，除了常見的詞彙借用外，亦可能導致語法上的系統性改變。世界上量詞語言的熱區在亞洲，其中大部分嚴格遵循〔係數詞－位數詞〕（如「三百」）和〔數詞－量詞〕（如「三隻」）的詞序，位數詞與量詞均為後置，符合位數詞與量詞的同步原則；而僅有的變異與例外均出現於藏緬語族（Her et al. 2015, Her et al. to appear）。本文關注兩個較為特別的藏緬語Sunwar和Rabha，檢視其位數詞和量詞的雙重詞序及其在語言演變中的意涵，主張此雙重詞序的現象是語言接觸所產生的過渡階段；但即使在此外來詞序與原生詞序競爭的狀態下，這兩個語言仍然維持了量詞和位數詞的同步原則。從本研究的結果推斷，藏緬語中數詞和量詞所呈現的各種風貌皆應來自語言接觸，而位數詞與量詞的同步原則應可視為一普遍性原則（language universal）。

The languages of different ethnic groups under long-term contact inevitably influence one another. Aside from the more frequent lexical borrowing, such influence may also induce systematic changes in the grammar. Asia is the hotbed of the world's classifier languages, where the majority of classifier languages follow a base-final [n base] order in numerals, e.g., san-bai 'three hundred' in Chinese, and also a classifier-final [numeral classifier] order, e.g., san-zhi 'three C-animal'. A harmonization between base and classifier in terms of word order thus obtains and the few rare exceptions all occur in Tibeto-Burman (TB), where base-initial and classifier-initial orders are also attested (Her et al. 2015, Her et al. to appear).This study focuses on two special cases in TB, Sunwar and Rabha, and closely examines the double word orders of numeral bases and classifiers and discusses the implications in terms of language change. We propose that such double word orders indicate that the numeral systems and classifier systems are in transition due to language contact, and also note in particular that, even in this unstable stage where the indigenous system and the borrowed system are in competition, harmonization between base orders and classifier orders is still observed in these two languages. We thus contend that the variation of word orders in numeral systems and classifier systems within TB can be attributed to language contact and that the base-classifier harmonization in word order can be seen as a language universal.

1. Zhang, Niina Ning(2011).The constituency of classifier constructions in Mandarin Chinese.Taiwan Journal of Linguistics,9(1),1-50.
   連結：
2. Au Yeung, Ben Wai Hoo(2007).Multiplication basis of emergence of classifier.Language and Linguistics,8(4),835-861.
3. Au Yeung, Ben Wai Hoo(2005).Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
4. Bal, Krishna Bal(2004).PAN LocalizationPAN Localization,Kathmandu, Nepal:Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya.
5. Borchers, Dörte(2007).Leiden University.
6. Chan, Eugene 2017 . Numeral Systems of the World's Languages. (Available online at https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/, Accessed on 2018-08-02).
7. Chao, Yuen Ren(1968).A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Berkeley:University of California Press.
8. Comrie, Bernard 2013 Numeral Bases. In Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/131, Accessed on 2018-08-02.)
9. Haspelmath, Martin(eds.),Tadmor, Uri(eds.)(2009).Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook.Berlin:Walter de Gruyter.
10. Her, One-Soon(2017).Structure of numerals and numeral classifiers in Chinese: Historical and typological perspectives and cross-linguistic implications.Language and Linguistics,18(1),26-71.
11. Her, One-Soon(2012).Distinguishing classifiers and measure words: A mathematical perspective and implications.Lingua,122(14),1668-1691.
12. Her, One-Soon(2017).Deriving classifier word order typology, or Greenberg's Universal 20A, and Universal 20.Linguistics,55(2),265-303.
13. Her, One-Soon,Tang, Macr,Li, Bing-Tsiong(2019).Word order of numeral classifiers and numeral bases: Harmonization by multiplication.STUF-Language Typology and Universals,72(3)
14. Her, One-Soon,Tsai, Hui-Chin,Lin, Kun-Han,Tang, Marc,Lee, Meng-Chang(2015).Unification of numeral bases and numeral classifiers: Evidence from SMATTI.Workshop on the syntax and semantics of numerals, the 48th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea,Leiden:
15. Huffman, Franklin E(1973).Thai and Cambodian-A case syntactic borrowing?.Journal of the American Oriental Society,93(4),488-509.
16. Jones, Robert B(1970).Classifier constructions in Southeast Asia.Journal of the American Oriental Society,90(1),1-12.
17. Joseph, Umbavu Varghese(2007).Rabha.Brill.
18. Kiryu, Kazuyuki(2009).On the rise of the classifier system in Newar.Issues in Tibeto-Burman historical linguistics,Osaka, Japan:
19. Lewis, M. Paul,Simons, Gary F.,Fennig, Charles D.(2009).Ethnologue: Languages of the World.Dallas, Texas:SIL International.
20. Matras, Yaron(ed.),Sakel, Jeanette(ed.)(2007).Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective.Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter.
21. Moral, Dipankar(1997).North-East Indian as a linguistic area.Mon-Khmer Studies,27,43-53.
22. Muysken, Pieter(1981).Quechua en Spaans in het Andesgebied.TTT,1,124-138.
23. Peyraube, Alain(1991).Some remarks on the history of Chinese classifiers.Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics
24. Rothstein, Susan(ed.)(1998).Events and Grammar.Netherlands:Springer.
25. Simons, Gary F.(ed.),Fennig, Charles D.(ed.)(2018).Ethnologue: Languages of the World.Dallas, Texas:SIL International.
26. Tai, James H.-Y(2003).Cognitive relativism: resultative construction in Chinese.Language and Linguistics,4(2),301-316.
27. Thurgood, Graham(ed.),LaPolla, Randy J.(ed.)(2003).The Sino-Tibetan Languages.London:Routledge.
28. van Hout, Roeland,Muysken, Pieter(1994).Modeling lexical borrowability.Language Variation and Change,6,39-62.
29. Wang, Li(1958).Preliminary History of Chinese.Beijing:Kexue Chubanshe.
30. Wang, Lianqing(1994).Ohio State University.
31. Weidert, Alfonso(1984).The classifier construction of Newari and its historical Southeast Asian background.Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies,11(3-4),185-210.
32. Whitney, William Dwight 1881 On mixture in language. Transactions of the American Philosophical Association 12: 1-26.
33. Wohlgemuth, Jan(ed.),Dirksmeyer, Tyko(ed.)(2005).Bedrohte Vielfalt: Aspekte des Sprach(en)tods.Berlin:Weisensee Verlag.
34. Wu, Y.,Bodomo, A.(2009).Classifiers ≠ determiners.Linguistic Inquiry,40,487-503.