引文？引文——大學學術發表影響力之初探：以成功大學為例

Citation, Citation, Citation: A First Look at the Publication Effect of National Cheng Kung University Faculty

10.6925/SCJ.202212_18(4).0001

郭玲玲(Ling-Ling Kueh)；許清芳(Ching-Fan Sheu)

學術發表影響力 ； h指數 ； 學術資歷 ； 研究生 ； 博士學位 ； publication impact ； h index ； seniority ； graduate students ； Ph.D. degree

教育研究與發展期刊

18卷4期（2022 / 12 / 31）

1 - 40

繁體中文;英文

引文常被視為學術發表影響力的評估指標，受到學術界的重視，也是近年來重要的研究議題。本研究以成功大學九個學院為例，抽取50個系所，798名教師為樣本。從「學術成大」網頁取得教師之h指數，做為學術發表影響力之評估指標，同時收集性別、職等、博士學位（國內、國外）、第一篇發表論文著作之年份，所屬學院與系所資料。再從「臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統」擷取教師指導之論文，為指導研究生之畢業人數。透過R軟體進行資料串聯與整理，再以視覺化功能，展現學術發表影響力之不同特性。研究發現：（一）各學院、不同學科領域的學術發表影響力各有所異，不宜一概論之；（二）正教授的學術發表影響力領先於副教授與助理教授；（三）研究生對大學教師的學術發表影響力有所助益；（四）國內博士與國外博士的學術發表影響力，因性別而有所不同。最後針對研究結果提出研究與實務面的建議。

Citation metrics are widely recognized as a measure of the effect of an academic publication and are highly regarded in academia. They have also become a prominent topic in research. The present study took a sample of 798 faculty members from 50 departments and institutes of the nine colleges of National Cheng Kung University (NCKU). Each faculty member's publication effect, as characterized by the h index, was obtained from their "Research NCKU" web page. We also collected data from the same source on gender, academic rank, doctoral degree (local or foreign), year of first paper publication, and college and department affiliation for each faculty member in the sample. The number of graduate students supervised by each faculty member was extracted from a search entered into the web page hosted by the "National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan." The key findings are: (1) citation patterns vary between disciplines and cannot be generalized, (2) the academic publication effect of full professors is greater than that of associate and assistant professors, (3) graduate students are more of a help than a hindrance, and (4) the effect of research by domestic and foreign degree holders differs with gender. Finally, recommendations for research and practical applications are presented.

1. 陳光華、陳雅琦（2014）。探索人文社會學者研究產出之總合軌跡：以臺灣大學人文社會高等研究院為例。圖書館資訊學刊，12（2），81-116。https://doi.org/10. 6182/jlis.2014.12(2).081
   連結：
2. 黃淑玲、沈碩彬（2017）。大學教師職級、主持研發計畫數與研究產能關聯性之探討：以一所私立醫學大學為例。教育科學研究期刊，62（4），89-115。https:// doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2017.62(4).04
   連結：
3. 黃慕萱、張郁蔚（2006）。人文社會學者學術評鑑指標之探討。圖書資訊學刊，4（1），17-47。https://doi.org/10.6182/jlis.2006.4(1.2).017
   連結：
4. Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Caprasecca, A. (2009). The contribution of star scientists to overall sex differences in research productivity. Scientometrics, 81(1), 137-156. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2131-7
   連結：
5. Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Soldatenkova, A. (2017). How long do top scientists maintain their stardom? An analysis by region, gender and discipline: Evidence from Italy. Scientometrics, 110(2), 867-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2193-x
   連結：
6. Aguinis, H., Ji, Y. H., & Joo, H. (2018). Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(12), 1283-1306. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000331
   連結：
7. Aiston, S. J., & Jung, J. (2015). Women academics and research productivity: An international comparison. Gender and Education, 27(3), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2 015.1024617
   連結：
8. Aksnes, D. W., Langfeldt, L., & Wouters, P. (2019). Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. Sage Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10. 1177/2158244019829575
   連結：
9. Alonso, S., Cabrerizo, F. J., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2009). h-Index: A review focused in its variants, computation and standardization for different scientific fields. Journal of Informetrics, 3(4), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2009.04.001
   連結：
10. Baloch, N., Siming, L., Abraha, A., & Hong, S. (2021). Faculty research productivity: Differences between foreign and local doctoral degree holders in Pakistan. Higher Education, 82(1), 203-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00630-2
    連結：
11. Barnes, B. J., Williams, E. A., & Stassen, M. L. (2012). Dissecting doctoral advising: A comparison of students’ experiences across disciplines. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 36(3), 309-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2011.614933
    連結：
12. Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. D. (2007). What do we know about the h index? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(9), 1381-1385. https:// doi.org/10.1002/asi.20609
    連結：
13. Bould, M. D., Boet, S., Sharma, B., Shin, E., Barrowman, N. J., & Grantcharov, T. (2011). H-Indices in a university department of anesthesia: An evaluation of their feasibility, reliability, and validity as an assessment of academic performance. British Journal of Anesthesia, 106(3), 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeq403
    連結：
14. Burrows, R. (2012). Living with the h-index? Metric assemblages in the contemporary academy. The Sociological Review, 60(2), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012. 02077.x
    連結：
15. Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B., & Tukey, P. A. (2017). Graphical methods for data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072304
    連結：
16. H. E., & Pammolli, F. (2014). Reputation and impact in academic careers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(43), 15316-15321. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1323111111
    連結：
17. Hall, E. E., Walkington, H., Shanahan, J. O., Ackley, E., & Stewart, K. A. (2018). Mentor perspectives on the place of undergraduate research mentoring in academic identity and career development: An analysis of award-winning mentors. International Journal for Academic Development, 23(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2017.1412972
    連結：
18. Hayes, R. M. (1983). Citation statistics as a measure of faculty research productivity. Journal of Education for Librarianship, 23(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.2307/40322880
    連結：
19. Hilmer, C., & Hilmer, M. (2007). Women helping women, men helping women? Same-gender mentoring, initial job placements, and early career publishing success for economics PhDs. American Economic Review, 97(2), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.422
    連結：
20. Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(46), 16569-16572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 0507655102
    連結：
21. Hirsch, J. E. (2007). Does the h index have predictive power? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(49), 19193-19198. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707962104
    連結：
22. Kwiek, M. (2018). High research productivity in vertically undifferentiated higher education systems: Who are the top performers? Scientometrics, 115(1), 415-462. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11192-018-2644-7
    連結：
23. Kwon, K. S., Kim, S. H., Park, T. S., Kim, E. K., & Jang, D. (2015). The impact of graduate students on research productivity in Korea. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 1, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-015-0024-6
    連結：
24. Leslie, S. J., Cimpian, A., Meyer, M., & Freeland, E. (2015). Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines. Science, 347(6219), 262-265. https:// doi.org/10.1126/science.1261375
    連結：
25. Li, B., Jacob-Brassard, J., Dossa, F., Salata, K., Kishibe, T., Greco, E., Baxter, N. N., & Al-Omran, M. (2021). Gender differences in faculty rank among academic physicians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11(11), e050322. http://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2021-050322
    連結：
26. Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew effect in science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science, 159(3810), 56-63. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.159. 3810.56
    連結：
27. Milburn, L. A., & Brown, R. D. (2016). Research productivity and utilization in landscape architecture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. landurbplan.2015.11.005
    連結：
28. Netz, N., Hampel, S., & Aman, V. (2020). What effects does international mobility have on scientists’ careers? A systematic review. Research Evaluation, 29(3), 327-351. https:// doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvaa007
    連結：
29. Odic, D., & Wojcik, E. H. (2020). The publication gender gap in psychology. American Psychologist, 75(1), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000480
    連結：
30. Radicchi, F., Fortunato, S., & Castellano, C. (2008). Universality of citation distributions: Toward an objective measure of scientific impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(45), 17268-17272. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.080697710
    連結：
31. Radosic, N., & Diener, E. (2021). Citation metrics in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1270-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620964128
    連結：
32. Reale, E., Avramov, D., Canhial, K., Donovan, C., Flecha, R., Holm, P., Larkin, C., Lepori, B., Mosoni-Fried, J., Oliver, E., Primeri, E., Puigvert, L., Scharnhorst, A., Schubert, A., Soler, M., Soòs, S., Sordé, T., Travis, C., & Van Horik, R. (2018). A review of literature on evaluating the scientific, social and political impact of social sciences and humanities research. Research Evaluation, 27(4), 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvx025
    連結：
33. Ruiz-Castillo, J., & Costas, R. (2018). Individual and field citation distributions in 29 broad scientific fields. Journal of Informetrics, 12(3), 868-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018. 07.002
    連結：
34. Savage, W. E., & Olejniczak, A. J. (2021). Do senior faculty members produce fewer research publications than their younger colleagues? Evidence from Ph. D. granting institutions in the United States. Scientometrics, 126(6), 4659-4686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192- 021-03957-4
    連結：
35. Shaw, D., & Vaughan, L. (2008). Publication and citation patterns among LIS faculty: Profiling a “typical professor”. Library & Information Science Research, 30(1), 47-55. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.lisr.2007.07.002
    連結：
36. Shin, J. C., Jung, J., Postiglione, G. A., & Azman, N. (2014). Research productivity of returnees from study abroad in Korea, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Minerva, 52, 467-487. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11024-014-9259-9
    連結：
37. Waltman, L. (2016). A review of the literature on citation impact indicators. Journal of Informetrics, 10(2), 365-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007
    連結：
38. Wang, J., Hooi, R., Li, A. X., & Chou, M. H. (2019). Collaboration patterns of mobile academics: The impact of international mobility. Science and Public Policy, 46(3), 450-462. https:// doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy073
    連結：
39. Wanner, R. A., Lewis, L. S., & Gregorio, D. I. (1981). Research productivity in academia: A comparative study of the sciences, social sciences and humanities. Sociology of Education, 54(4), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112566
    連結：
40. Way, S. F., Morgan, A. C., Clauset, A., & Larremore, D. B. (2017). The misleading narrative of the canonical faculty productivity trajectory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), E9216-E9223. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702121114
    連結：
41. Yair, G., Goldstein, K., Rotem, N., & Olejniczak, A. J. (2022). The three cultures in American science: Publication productivity in physics, history and economics. Scientometrics, 127(6), 2967-2980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04396-5
    連結：
42. 陳光華、陳雅琦（2014）。探索人文社會學者研究產出之總合軌跡：以臺灣大學人文社會高等研究院為例。圖書館資訊學刊，12（2），81-116。https://doi.org/10. 6182/jlis.2014.12(2).081
    連結：
43. 黃淑玲、沈碩彬（2017）。大學教師職級、主持研發計畫數與研究產能關聯性之探討：以一所私立醫學大學為例。教育科學研究期刊，62（4），89-115。https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.2017.62(4).04
    連結：
44. 黃慕萱、張郁蔚（2006）。人文社會學者學術評鑑指標之探討。圖書資訊學刊，4（1），17-47。https://doi.org/10.6182/jlis.2006.4(1.2).017
    連結：
45. Levin, S. G., & Stephan, P. E. (1991). Research productivity over the life cycle: Evidence for academic scientists. The American Economic Review, 81(1), 114-132.
46. Petersen, A. M. Fortunato, Pan, R. K., Kaski, K., Penner, O., Rungi, A., Riccaboni, M., Stanley,
47. R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
48. Weinberger, M., Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M., & Bouhnik, D. (2020). Academic and demographic characteristics as predictors of scholarly productivity in the Israeli academia. In iConference 2020 Proceedings. iSchools. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106541
49. Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Caprasecca, A. (2009). The contribution of star scientists to overall sex differences in research productivity. Scientometrics, 81(1), 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-008-2131-7
50. Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Soldatenkova, A. (2017). How long do top scientists maintain their stardom? An analysis by region, gender and discipline: Evidence from Italy. Scientometrics, 110(2), 867-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2193-x
51. Aguinis, H., Ji, Y. H., & Joo, H. (2018). Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(12), 1283-1306. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000331
52. Aksnes, D. W., Langfeldt, L., & Wouters, P. (2019). Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. Sage Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10. 1177/2158244019829575
53. Aiston, S. J., & Jung, J. (2015). Women academics and research productivity: An international comparison. Gender and Education, 27(3), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2015.1024617
54. Alonso, S., Cabrerizo, F. J., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2009). h-Index: A review focused in its variants, computation and standardization for different scientific fields. Journal of Informetrics, 3(4), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2009.04.001
55. Baloch, N., Siming, L., Abraha, A., & Hong, S. (2021). Faculty research productivity: Differences between foreign and local doctoral degree holders in Pakistan. Higher Education, 82(1), 203-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00630-2
56. Barnes, B. J., Williams, E. A., & Stassen, M. L. (2012). Dissecting doctoral advising: A comparison of students’ experiences across disciplines. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 36(3), 309-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2011.614933
57. Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. D. (2007). What do we know about the h index? Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(9), 1381-1385. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20609
58. Bould, M. D., Boet, S., Sharma, B., Shin, E., Barrowman, N. J., & Grantcharov, T. (2011). H-Indices in a university department of anesthesia: An evaluation of their feasibility, reliability, and validity as an assessment of academic performance. British Journal of Anesthesia, 106(3), 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeq403
59. Burrows, R. (2012). Living with the h-index? Metric assemblages in the contemporary academy. The Sociological Review, 60(2), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012. 02077.x
60. Chambers, J. M., Cleveland, W. S., Kleiner, B., & Tukey, P. A. (2017). Graphical methods for data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072304
61. Hall, E. E., Walkington, H., Shanahan, J. O., Ackley, E., & Stewart, K. A. (2018). Mentor perspectives on the place of undergraduate research mentoring in academic identity and career development: An analysis of award-winning mentors. International Journal for Academic Development, 23(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2017.1412972
62. Hayes, R. M. (1983). Citation statistics as a measure of faculty research productivity. Journal of Education for Librarianship, 23(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.2307/40322880
63. Hilmer, C., & Hilmer, M. (2007). Women helping women, men helping women? Same-gender mentoring, initial job placements, and early career publishing success for economics PhDs. American Economic Review, 97(2), 422-426. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.422
64. Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(46), 16569-16572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 0507655102
65. Hirsch, J. E. (2007). Does the h index have predictive power? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(49), 19193-19198. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707962104
66. Kwiek, M. (2018). High research productivity in vertically undifferentiated higher education systems: Who are the top performers? Scientometrics, 115(1), 415-462. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s11192-018-2644-7
67. Kwon, K. S., Kim, S. H., Park, T. S., Kim, E. K., & Jang, D. (2015). The impact of graduate students on research productivity in Korea. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 1, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40852-015-0024-6
68. Leslie, S. J., Cimpian, A., Meyer, M., & Freeland, E. (2015). Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines. Science, 347(6219), 262-265. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261375
69. Levin, S. G., & Stephan, P. E. (1991). Research productivity over the life cycle: Evidence for academic scientists. The American Economic Review, 81(1), 114-132.
70. Li, B., Jacob-Brassard, J., Dossa, F., Salata, K., Kishibe, T., Greco, E., Baxter, N. N., & Al-Omran, M. (2021). Gender differences in faculty rank among academic physicians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11(11), e050322. http://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2021-050322
71. Merton, R. K. (1968). The Matthew effect in science: The reward and communication systems of science are considered. Science, 159(3810), 56-63. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.159. 3810.56
72. Milburn, L. A., & Brown, R. D. (2016). Research productivity and utilization in landscape architecture. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.005
73. Netz, N., Hampel, S., & Aman, V. (2020). What effects does international mobility have on scientists’ careers? A systematic review. Research Evaluation, 29(3), 327-351. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvaa007
74. Odic, D., & Wojcik, E. H. (2020). The publication gender gap in psychology. American Psychologist, 75(1), 92-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000480
75. Petersen, A. M. Fortunato, Pan, R. K., Kaski, K., Penner, O., Rungi, A., Riccaboni, M., Stanley, H. E., & Pammolli, F. (2014). Reputation and impact in academic careers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(43), 15316-15321. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1323111111
76. R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
77. Radicchi, F., Fortunato, S., & Castellano, C. (2008). Universality of citation distributions: Toward an objective measure of scientific impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(45), 17268-17272. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.080697710
78. Radosic, N., & Diener, E. (2021). Citation metrics in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1270-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620964128
79. Reale, E., Avramov, D., Canhial, K., Donovan, C., Flecha, R., Holm, P., Larkin, C., Lepori, B., Mosoni-Fried, J., Oliver, E., Primeri, E., Puigvert, L., Scharnhorst, A., Schubert, A., Soler, M., Soòs, S., Sordé, T., Travis, C., & Van Horik, R. (2018). A review of literature on evaluating the scientific, social and political impact of social sciences and humanities research. Research Evaluation, 27(4), 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvx025
80. Ruiz-Castillo, J., & Costas, R. (2018). Individual and field citation distributions in 29 broad scientific fields. Journal of Informetrics, 12(3), 868-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018. 07.002
81. Savage, W. E., & Olejniczak, A. J. (2021). Do senior faculty members produce fewer research publications than their younger colleagues? Evidence from Ph. D. granting institutions in the United States. Scientometrics, 126(6), 4659-4686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03957-4
82. Shaw, D., & Vaughan, L. (2008). Publication and citation patterns among LIS faculty: Profiling a “typical professor”. Library & Information Science Research, 30(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2007.07.002
83. Shin, J. C., Jung, J., Postiglione, G. A., & Azman, N. (2014). Research productivity of returnees from study abroad in Korea, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. Minerva, 52, 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-014-9259-9
84. Waltman, L. (2016). A review of the literature on citation impact indicators. Journal of Informetrics, 10(2), 365-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.02.007
85. Wanner, R. A., Lewis, L. S., & Gregorio, D. I. (1981). Research productivity in academia: A comparative study of the sciences, social sciences and humanities. Sociology of Education, 54(4), 238-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2112566
86. Wang, J., Hooi, R., Li, A. X., & Chou, M. H. (2019). Collaboration patterns of mobile academics: The impact of international mobility. Science and Public Policy, 46(3), 450-462. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy073
87. Way, S. F., Morgan, A. C., Clauset, A., & Larremore, D. B. (2017). The misleading narrative of the canonical faculty productivity trajectory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), E9216-E9223. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702121114
88. Weinberger, M., Zhitomirsky-Geffet, M., & Bouhnik, D. (2020). Academic and demographic characteristics as predictors of scholarly productivity in the Israeli academia. In iConference 2020 Proceedings. iSchools. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106541
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