Recent progress of research on medicinal mushrooms, foods, and other herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine

10.6219/jtcm.2012.2011020-R

Kuo-Hsiung Lee；Susan L. Morris-Natschke；Xiaoming Yang；Rong Huang；Ting Zhou；Shou-Fang Wu；Qian Shi；Hideji Itokawa

Herbal Products ； Medicinal Mushrooms ； Dietary Supplements ； Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

2卷2期（2012 / 04 / 01）

1 - 12

英文

This article will review selected herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine, including medicinal mushrooms (巴西蘑菇 bā xī mó gū; Agaricus blazei, 雲芝 yún zhī; Coriolus versicolor, 靈芝 líng zhī; Ganoderma lucidum, 香蕈 xiāng xùn; shiitake, Lentinus edodes, 牛樟芝 niú zhāng zhī; Taiwanofungus camphoratus ), Cordyceps (冬蟲夏草 dōng chóng xià cǎo), pomegranate (石榴 shí liú; Granati Fructus), green tea (綠茶 lǜ chá; Theae Folium Non Fermentatum), garlic (大蒜 dà suàn; Allii Sativi Bulbus), turmeric (薑黃 jiāng huáng; Curcumae Longae Rhizoma), and Artemisiae Annuae Herba (青蒿 qīng hāo; sweet wormwood). Many of the discussed herbal products have gained popularity in their uses as dietary supplements for health benefits. The review will focus on the active constituents of the herbs and their bioactivities, with emphasis on the most recent progress in research for the period of 2003 to 2011.

1. Aggarwal, B.B.,Harikumar, K.B.(2009).Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases.International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology,41,40-59.
2. Aggarwal, B.B.,Kumar, A.,Bharti, A.C.(2003).Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies.Anticancer Research,23,363-398.
3. Anand, P.,Sundaram, C.,Jhurani, S.,Kunnumakkara, A.B.,Aggarwal, B.B.(2008).Curcumin and cancer: an "old-age" disease with an "age-old" solution.Cancer Letters,267,133-164.
4. Anuchapreeda, S.,Thanarattanakorn, P.,Sittipreechacharn, S.,Tima, S.,Chanarat, P.,Limtrakul, P.(2006).Inhibitory effect of curcumin on MDR1 gene expression in patient leukemic cells.Archives of Pharmaceutical Research,10,866-873.
5. Aspinall, G.O.(Ed.)(1983).The Polysaccharides.Orlando, Florida, USA:Academic Press.
6. Atsumi, T.,Fujisawa, S.,Tonosaki, K.(2005).Relationship between intracellular ROS production and membrane mobility in curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin treated human gingival fibroblasts and human submandibular gland carcinoma cells.Oral Diseases,11,236-242.
7. Atsumi, T.,Tonosaki, K.,Fujisawa, S.(2006).Induction of early apoptosis and ROS-generation activity in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG) cells treated with curcumin.Archives of Oral Biology,51,913-921.
8. Aviello, G.,Abenavoli, L.,Borrelli, F.,Capasso, R.,Izzo, A.A.,Lembo, F.,Romano, B,Cappasso, F.(2009).Garlic: empiricism or science?.Natural Product Communications,4,1785-1796.
9. Ban, J.O.,Yuk, D.Y.,Woo, K.S.,Kim, T.M.,Lee, U.S.,Jeong, H.S.,Kim, D.J.,Chung, Y.B.,Hwang, B.Y.,Oh, K.W.,Hong, J.T.(2007).Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis via inactivation of NF-κB by a sulfur compound isolated from garlic in human colon cancer cells.Journal of Pharmacological Sciences,104,374-383.
10. Bhattacharyya, S.,Mandal, D.,Sen, G.S.,Pal, S.,Banerkee, S.,Lahiry, L.,Finke, J.H.,Tannenbaum, C.S.,Das, T.,Sa, G.(2007).Tumor-induces oxidative stress perturbs nuclear factor-kappaB activity-augmenting tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated T-cell death: Protection by curcumin.Cancer Research,67,362-370.
11. Bongiorno, P.B.,Fratellone, P.M.,LoGiudice, P.(2008).Potential health benefits of garlic (Allium sativum ).Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine,5,1-24.
12. Brown, G.D.(2010).The biosynthesis of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao).Molecules,15,7603-7698.
13. Butt, M.S.,Sultan, M.T.,Butt, M.S.,Iqbal, J.(2009).Garlic: nature’s protection against physiological threats.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,49,538-551.
14. Cerella, C.,Dicata, M.,Jacob, C.,Diederich, M.(2011).Chemical properties and mechanism determing the anti-cancer action of garlic-derived organic sulfur compounds.Anticancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry,11,267-271.
15. Chacko, S.M.,Thambi, P.T.,Kuttan, R.,Nishigaki, I.(2010).Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review.Chinese Medicine,5,13.
16. Chang, S.T.(1999).World production of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms in 1997 with emphasis on Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. in China.International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms,1,387-409.
17. Chatterjee, R.,Srinivasan, K.S.,Maiti, P.C.(1957).Cordyceps sinensis (Berkeley) Saccardo: structure of cordycepic acid.Journal of American Pharmaceutical Association,46,114-118.
18. Chen, Y.C.,Ho, H.O.,Su, C.H.,Sheu, M.T.(2010).Anticancer effects of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts, isolated compounds and its combinational use.Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine,2,274-281.
19. Cheng, A.L.,Hsu, C.H.,Lin, J.K.,Hsu, M.M.,Ho, Y.F.,Shen, T.S.,Ko, J.Y.,Lin, J.T.,Lin, B.R.,Ming-Shiang, W.,Yu, H.S.,Jee, S.H.,Chen, G.S.,Chen, T.M.,Chen, C.A.,Lai, M.K.,Pu, Y.S.,Pan, M.H.,Wang, Y.J.,Tsai, C.C.,Hsieh, C.Y.(2001).Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions.Anticancer Research,21,2895-2900.
20. Cheng, J.J.,Huang, N.K.,Chang, T.T.,Ling Wang, D.,Lu, M.K.(2005).Study for anti-angiogenic activities of polysaccharides isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea in endothelial cells.Life Sciences,76,3029-3042.
21. Cheng, J.J.,Huang, N.K.,Lur, H.S.,Kuo, C.I.,Lu, M.K.(2009).Characterization and biological functions of sulfated polysaccharides from sulfated-salt treatment of Antrodia cinnamomea.Process Biochemistry,44,453-459.
22. Choi, J.H.,Kim, Y.B.,Lim, H.Y.,Park, J.S.,Kim, H.C.,Cho, Y.K.,Han, S.W.,Kim, M.W.,Joo, H.J.(2007).5-Fluorouracil, mitomycin-C, and polysaccharide-K adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer: the prognostic significance of frequent perineural invasion.Hepatogastroenterology,54,290-297.
23. Coates, P.M.(Ed.)(2005).Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements.
24. Dong, Z.,Ma, W.,Huang, C.,Yang, C.S.(1997).Inhibition of tumor promoterinduced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavins.Cancer Research,57,4414-4419.
25. Efferth, T.(2006).Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells.Current Drug Targets,7,407-421.
26. Ellertsen, L.K.,Hetland, G.,Johnson, E.,Grinde, B.(2006).Effect of a medicinal extract from Agaricus blazei Murill on gene expression in a human monocyte cell line as examined by microarrays and immuno assays.International Immunopharmacology,6,133-143.
27. El-Sabban, F.,Abouazra, H.(2008).Effect of garlic on atherosclerosis and its factors.Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal,14,195-205.
28. Fortes, R.C.,Novaes, M.R.C.G.(2006).Effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricales mushrooms and other medicinal fungus on therapy against the cancer.Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia,52,363-371.
29. Ginter, E.,Simko, V.(2010).Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and cardiovascular diseases.Bratisl Lek Listy,111,452-456.
30. Goel, A.,Kunnumakkare, A.B.,Agarwal, B.B.(2008).Curcumin as"curecumin": from kitchen to clinic.Biochemical Pharmacology,75,787-809.
31. Goncagul, G.,Ayaz, E.(2010).Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum).Recent Patents in Antiinfectious Drug Discovery,5,91-93.
32. Gupta, S.,Hastak, K.,Afaq, F.,Ahmad, N.,Mukhtar, H.(2004).Essential role of caspases in epigallocatechin-3-gallate-mediated inhibition of nuclear factor κB and induction of apoptosis.Oncogene,23,2507-2522.
33. Hanafusa, T.,Yamazaki, S.,Okubo, A.,Toda, S.,Suzuki, K.,Nakajima, E.,Yasukawa, Y.(1990).Intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of immunoactive and antiviral water-soluble (14C) lignins in rats.Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics,5,661-674.
34. Hatcher, H.,Planalp, R.,Cho, J.,Torti, F.M.,Torti, S.V.(2008).Curcumin: from ancient medicine to current clinical trials.Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences,65,1631-1652.
35. Hetland, G.,Johnson, E.,Lyberg, T.,Bernardshaw, S.,Tryggestad, A.M.A.,Grinde, B.(2008).Effects of the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on immunity, infection and cancer.Scandinavian Journal of Immunology,68,363-370.
36. Ho, C.T.(Ed.),Lin, J.K.(Ed.),Zheng, Q.Y.(Ed.)(2003).Oriental Foods and Herbs - Chemistry and Health Effects.Washington, D.C.:American Chemical Society Press.
37. Hsu, E.(2006).Reflections on the ‘discovery’ of the antimalarial qinghao.British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology,61,666-670.
38. Huang, L.F.,Liang, Y.Z.,Guo, F.Q.,Zhou, Z.F.,Cheng, B.M.(2003).Simultaneous separation and determination of active components in Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militarris by LC/ESI-MS.Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis,33,1155-1162.
39. Itokawa, H.,Shi, Q.,Akiyama, T.,Morris-Natschke, S.L.,Lee, K.H.(2008).Recent advances in the investigation of curcuminoids.Chinese Medicine,3,11.
40. Jakubikova, J.,Sedlak, J.(2006).Garlic-derived organosulfides induce cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and oxidative stress in human colon carcinoma cell lines.Neoplasma,53,191-199.
41. Jiang, M.C.,Yang-Yen, H.F.,Yen, J.J.,Lin, J.K.(1996).Curcumin induces apoptosis in immortalized NIH 3T3 and malignant cancer cell lines.Nutrition and Cancer,26,111-120.
42. Jung, E.M.,Lim, J.H.,Lee, T.J.,Park, J.W.,Choi, K.S.,Kwon, T.K.(2005).Curcumin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of death receptor-5 (DR5).Carcinogenesis,26,1905-1913.
43. Kamat, A.M.,Sethi, G.,Aggarwal, B.B.(2007).Curcumin potentiates the apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and cytokines through down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products in IFN-alpha-sensitive and IFN-alpha-resistant human bladder cancer cells.Molecular Cancer Therapeutics,6,1022-1030.
44. Kamohara, H.,Takahashi, M.,Ishiko, T.,Ogawa, M.,Baba, H.(2007).Induction of interleulin-8 (CXCL-8) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leukemia inhibitory factor in pancreatic carcinoma cells: Impact of CXCL-8 as an autocrine growth factor.International Journal of Oncology,31,627-632.
45. Kanai, M.,Yoshimura, K.,Asada, M.,Imazumi, A.,Suzuki, C.,Matsumoto, S.,Nishimura, T.,Mori, Y.,Masui, T.,Kawaguchi, Y.,Yanagihara, K.,Yazumi, S.,Chiba, T.,Guha, S.,Aggarwal, B.B.(2011).A phase I/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer.Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology,68,157-164.
46. Katoh, R.,Ooshiro, M.(2007).Enhancement of antitumor effect of tegafur/uracil (UFT) plus leucovorin by combined treatment with protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK, in mouse models.Cellular & Molecular Immunology,4,295-299.
47. Kidd, P.M.(2000).The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment.Alternative Medicine Review,5,4-27.
48. Kim, D.S.,Kim, J.Y.,Kim, J.H.(2001).Total synthesis of calebin-A, preparation of its analogues, and their neuronal cell protectivity against beta-amyloid insult.Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters,11,2541-2543.
49. Kim, G.Y.,Lee, M.Y.,Lee, H.J.,Moon, D.O.,Lee, C.M.,Jin, C.Y.,Choi, Y.H.,Jeong, Y.K.,Chung, K.T.,Lee, J.Y.,Choi, I.H.,Park, Y.M.(2005).Effect of water-soluble proteoglycan isolated from Agaricus blazei on the maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.International Pharmacology,5,1523-1532.
50. Kim, H.W.,Kim, B.K.(1999).Biomedical triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae).International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms,1,121-138.
51. Kim, J.W.,Amin, A.R.,Shin, D.M.(2010).Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer with green tea polyphenols.Cancer Prevention Research,3,900-909.
52. Kiuchi, F.,Goto, Y.,Sugimoto, N.,Akao, N.,Kondo, K.,Tsuda, Y.(1993).Nematocidal activity of turmeric: synergistic action of curcuminoids.Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,41,1640-1643.
53. Klayman, D.L.,Lin, A.J.,Acton, N.,Scovili, J.P.,Hoch, J.M.,Milhous, W.K.,Theoharides, A.D.(1984).Isolation of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) from Artemisia annua growing in the US.Journal of Natural Products,47,715-717.
54. Kohli, K.,Ali, J.,Ansari, M.J.,Raheman, Z.(2005).Curcumin: a natural antiinflammatory agent.Indian Journal of Pharmacology,37,141-147.
55. Kunwar, A.,Barik, A.,Mishra, B.,Rathinasamy, K.,Pandey, R.,Priyadarsini, K.I.(2008).Quantitative cellular uptake, localization and cytotoxicity of curcumin in normal and tumor cells.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,1780,673-679.
56. Kuttan, R.,Bhanumathy, P.,Nirmala, K.,George, M.C.(1985).Potential anticancer activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa).Cancer Letters,29,197-202.
57. Lansky, E.P.,Newman, R.A.(2007).Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer.Journal of Ethnopharmacology,109,177-206.
58. Lee, J.,Im, Y.H.,Jung, H.H.,Kim, J.H.,Park, J.O.,Kim, K.,Kim, W.S.,Ahn, J.S.,Jung, C.W.,Park, Y.S.,Kang, W.K.,Park, K.(2005).Curcumin inhibits interferon-alpha induced NF-kappaB and COX-2 in human A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,334,313-318.
59. Lei, Y.P.,Liu, C.T.,Sheen, L.Y.,Chen, H.W.,Lii, C.K.(2010).Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide protect endothelial nitric oxide synthase against damage by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,5(Suppl 1),S42-S52.
60. Lima, C.U.J.O.,Cordova, C.O.D.A.,Nobrega, O.D.T.,Funghetto, S.S.,Karnikowski, M.G.D.O.(2011).Does the Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom have properties that affect the immune system? An integrative review.Journal of Medicinal Food,14,2-8.
61. Lin, L.,Shi, Q.,Nyarko, A.K.,Bastow, K.F.,Wu, C.C.,Su, C.Y.,Shih, C.C.Y.,Lee, K.H.(2006).Antitumor agents. 250. Design and synthesis of new curcumin analogues as potential anti-prostate cancer agents.Journal of Medicinal Chemistry,49,3963-3972.
62. Lin, Y.G.,Kunnumakkara, A.B.,Nair, A.,Merritt, W.M.,Han, L.Y.,Armaiz-Pena, G.N.,Kamat, A.A.,Spannuth, W.A.,Gershenson, D.M.,Lutgendorf, S.K.,Aggarwal, B.B.,Sood, A.K.(2007).Curcumin inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in ovarian carcinoma by targeting the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway.Clinical Cancer Research,13,3423-3430.
63. Liu, J.J.,Huang, T.S.,Hsu, M.L.,Chen, C.C.,Lin, W.S.,Lu, F.J.,Chang, W.H.(2004).Antitumor effects of the partially purified polysaccharides from Antrodia camphorata and the mechanism of its action.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,201,186-193.
64. Liu, Y. K.,Shen, W.(2003).Inhibitive effect of cordyceps sinensis on experimental hepatic fibrosis and its possible mechanism.World Journal of Gastroenterology,9,529-533.
65. Lull, C.,Wichers, H.J.,Savelkoul, H.F.(2005).Antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties of fungal metabolites.Mediators of Inflammation,2,63-80.
66. Martos, M.V.,Lopez, J.F.,Alvarez, J.A.P.(2010).Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: A review.Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,9,635-654.
67. Mohammed, A.,Adelaiye, A.B.,Abubakar, M.S.,Abdurahman, E.M.(2007).Effects of aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum on blood glucose levels of normoglycemic and alloxaninduced diabetic wistar rats.Journal of Medicinal Plants Research,1,34-37.
68. Mukoyama, A.,Ushijima, H.,Nishimura, S.,Koike, H.,Toda, M.,Hara, Y.,Shimamura, T.(1991).Inhibition of rotavirus and enterovirus infections by tea extracts.Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology,44,181-186.
69. Nakamura, N.,Hirakawa, A.,Gao, J..J.,Kakuda, H.,Shiro, M.,Komatsu, Y.,Sheu, C.C.,Hattori, M.(2004).Five new maleic and succinic acid derivatives from the mycelium of Antrodia camphorata and their cytotoxic effects on LLC tumor cell line.Journal of Natural Products,67,46-48.
70. Ngai, P.H.K.,Ng, T.B.(2003).Lentin, a novel and potent antifungal protein from shitake mushroom with inhibitory effects on activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase and proliferation of leukemia cells.Life Sciences,73,3363-3374.
71. Nomura, M.,Ma, W.,Chen, N.,Bode, A.M.,Dong, Z.(2000).Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced NF-κB activation by tea polyphenols, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins.Carcinogenesis,21,1885-1890.
72. Oba, K.,Teramukai, S.,Kobayashi, M.,Matsui, T.,Kodera, Y.,Sakamoto, J.(2007).Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curative resections of gastric cancer.Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy,56,905-911.
73. Ohtsu, H.,Itokawa, H.,Xiao, Z.,Su, C.Y.,Shih, C.C.Y.,Chiang, T.,Chang, E.,Lee, Y.,Chiu, S.Y.,Chang, C.,Lee, K.H.(2003).Antitumor agents. 222. Synthesis and anti-androgen activity of new diarylheptanoids.Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry,11,5083-5090.
74. Ooi, V.E.C.,Liu, R.(2000).Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes.Current Medicinal Chemistry,7,715-729.
75. Peng, R,Y.,Chyau, C.C.,Su, C.H.,Chen, C.C.(2008).Review on the unique Formosan medicinal mushroom Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Antrodia camphorata).Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants,20,189-214.
76. Ravindran, J.,Prasad, S.,Aggarwal, B.B.(2009).Curcumin and cancer cells: How many ways can curry kill tumor cells selectively?.The AAPS Journal,11,495-510.
77. Reuter, S.,Eifes, S.,Dicato, M.,Aggarwal, B.B.,Diederich, M.(2008).Modulation of anti-apoptotic and survival pathways by curcumin as a strategy to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.Biochemical Pharmacology,76,1340-1351.
78. Roy, M.,Chakraborty, S.,Siddiqi, M.,Bhattacharya, R.K.(2002).Induction of apoptosis in tumor cell by natural phenolic compounds.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,3,61-67.
79. Ruby, A.J.,Kuttan, G.,Babu, K.D.,Rajasekharan, K.N.,Kuttan, R.(1995).Antitumor and oxidant activity of natural curcuminoids.Cancer Letters,94,79-83.
80. Sakagami, H.,Aoki, T.,Simpson, A.,Tanuma, S.I.(1991).Induction of immunopotentiation activity by a protein-bound polysaccharide, PSK (review).Anticancer Research,11,993-1000.
81. Sandiya, B.S.,Thakur, G.S.,Baghel, R.K.,Prasad, G.B.K.S.,Bisen, P.S.(2009).Ganoderma lucidum: a potent pharmacological macrofungus.Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,10,717-742.
82. Sano, M.,Tabata, M.,Suzuki, M.,Degawa, M.,Miyase, T.,Maeda-Yamamoto, M.(2001).Simultaneous determination of twelve tea catechins by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.Analyst,126,816-820.
83. Sanodiya, B.S.,Thakur, G.S.,Baghel, R.K.,Prasad, G.B.,Bisen, P.S.(2009).Ganoderma lucidum: a potent pharmacological macrofungus.Curr Pharm Biotechnol,10,717-742.
84. Santel, T.,Pflug, G.,Hemdan, N.Y.,Schäfer, A.,Hollenbach, M.,Buchold, M.,Hintersdorf, A.,Lindner, I.,Otto, A.,Bigl, M.,Oerlecke, I.,Hutschenreuther, A.,Sack, U.,Huse, K.,Groth, M.,Birkemeyer, C.,Schellenberger, W.,Gebhardt, R.,Platzer, M.,Weiss, T.,Vijayalakshmi, M.A.,Drüger, M.,Birkenmeier, G.(2008).Curcumin inhibits glyoxalase 1: a possible link to its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity.PLoS ONE,3,e3508.
85. Shi, L.S.,Chao, C.H.,Shen, D.Y.,Chan, H.H.,Chen, C.H.,Liao, Y.R.,Wu, S.J.,Leu, Y.L.,Shen, Y.C.,Kuo, Y.H.,Lee, E.J.,Qian, K.,Wu, T.S.,Lee, K.H.(2011).Biologically active constituents from the fruiting body of Taiwanofungus camphoratus.Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry,19,677-683.
86. Skommer, J.,Wlodkowic, D.,Pellonen, J.(2006).Cellular foundation of curcurmin-induced apoptosis in follicular lymphoma cell lines.Experimental Hematology,34,463-467.
87. Sprecher, M.,Sprinson, D.B.(1963).A reinvestigation of the structure of ‘cordycepic acid’.Journal of Organic Chemistry,28,2490-2491.
88. Sriram, D.,Rao, V.S.,Chandrasekhar, K.V.G.,Yogeeswari, P.(2004).Progress in the research of artemisinin and its analogues as antimalarials: an update.Natural Product Research,18,503-527.
89. Sudano Roccaro, A.,Blanco, A.R.,Giuliano, F.,Rusciano, D.,Enea, V.(2004).Epigallocatechin-gallate enhances the activity of tetracycline in staphylococci by inhibiting its efflux from bacterial cells.Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,48,1968-1973.
90. Sun, M.,Yang, Y.,Li, H.,Su, B.,Lu, Y.,Wei, Q.,Fan, T.(2004).The effect of curcumin on bladder cancer cell line EJ in vitro.Zhong Yao Cai,27,848-850.
91. Syng-Ai, C.,Kumari, A.L.,Khar, A.(2004).Effect of curcumin on normal and tumor cells: role of glutathione and bcl-2.Molecular Cancer Therapeutics,3,1101-1108.
92. Tochikura, T.S.,Nakashima, H.,Kaneko, Y.,Kobayashi, N.,Yamamoto, N.(1987).Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in various human hematopoietic cell lines in vitro: augmentation of the effect by lentinan.Japanese Journal of Cancer Research,78,583-589.
93. Tochikura, T.S.,Nakashima, H.,Ohashi, Y.,Yamamoto, N.(1988).Inhibition (in vitro) of replication and of the cyptopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia.Medical Microbiology and Immunology,177,235-244.
94. Tripathi, K.(2009).A review - garlic, the spice of life (part-1).Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry,2,8-13.
95. Tsukagoshi, S.,Hashimoto, Y.,Fujii, G.,Kobayashi, H.,Nomoto, K.,Orita, K.(1984).Krestin (PSK).Cancer Treatment Reviews,11,131-155.
96. Uddin, S.,Hussain, A.R.,Manogaran, P.S.,Al-Hussein, K.,Platanias, L.C.,Gutierrez, M.I.,Bhatia, K.G.(2005).Curcumin suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in primary effusion lymphoma.Oncogene,24,7022-7030.
97. Uehara, S.,Yasuda, I.,Takeya, K.,Itokawa, H.(1992).Comparison of the commercial turmeric and its cultivated plant by their constituents.Shoyakugaku Zasshi,46,55-61.
98. Villegas, I.,Sanchez-Fidalgo, S.,de la Alarcon, L.C.(2008).New mechanisms and therapeutic potential of curcumin for colorectal cancer.Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,52,1040-1061.
99. Wahl, H.,Tan, L.,Griffith, K.,Choi, M.,Liu, J.R.(2007).Curcumin enhances Apo21/TRAIL-induced apoptosis in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells.Gynecologic Oncology,105,289-297.
100. Wasser, S.P.(2002).Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,60,258-274.
101. Wasser, S.P.,Weis, A.L.(1999).Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: a modern perspective.Critical Reviews in Immunology,19,65-96.
102. Wasser, S.P.,Weis, A.L.(1999).Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: current perspectives (Review).International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms,1,31-62.
103. Watson, J.L.,Hill, R.,Lee, P.W.,Giacomantonio, C.A.,Hoskin, D.W.(2008).Curcumin induces apoptosis in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells in a p21-independent manner.Experimental and Molecular Pathology,84,230-233.
104. Weber, J.M,Ruzindana-Umunyana, A.,Imbeault, L.,Sircar, S.(2003).Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins.Antiviral Research,58,167-173.
105. Wei, S.C.,Lin, Y.S.,Tsao, P.N.,Wu-Tsai, J.J.,Wu, C.H.,Wong, J.M.(2004).Comparison of the anti-proliferation and apoptosis-induction activities of sulindac, celecoxib, curcumin, and nifedipine in mismatch repair-deficient cell lines.Journal of the Formosan Medical Association,103,599-606.
106. Weinreb, O.,Mandel, S.,Amit, T.,Youdim, M.B.H.(2004).Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,15,506-516.
107. Wilken, R.,Veena, M.S.,Wang, M.B.,Srivatsan, E.S.(2011).Curcumin: a review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Molecular Cancer,10,12.
108. Wojcikowski, K.,Johnson, D.W.,Gobe, G.(2006).Herbs or natural substances as complementary therapies for chronic kidney disease: ideas for future studies.Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine,147,160-166.
109. Wu, S.H.,Ryvarden, L.,Chang, T.T.(1997).Antrodia camphorate ("niu-chang-chih"), new combination of a medicinal fungus in Taiwan.Botanical Bulletin Academia Sinica,38,273-275.
110. Wu, S.J.,Leu, Y.L.,Chen, C.H.,Chao, C.H.,Shen, D.Y.,Chan, H.H.,Lee, E.J.,Wu, T.S.,Wang, Y.H.,Shen, Y.C, Qian, K.,Bastow, K.F.,Lee, K.H.(2010).Camphoratins A–J, potent cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Taiwanofungus camphoratus.Journal of Natural Products,73,1756-1762.
111. Xu, J.W.,Zhao, W.,Zhong, J.J.(2010).Biotechnological production and application of ganoderic acids.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,87,457-466.
112. Xu, Z.T.,Chen, X.P.,Zhong, Z.F.,Chen, L.D.,Wang, Y.T.(2011).Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides: immunomodulation and potential anti-tumor activities.The American Journal of Chinese Medicine,39,15-27.
113. Yamaguchi, K.,Honda, M.,Ikigai, H.,Hara, Y.,Shimamura, T.(2002).Inhibitory effects of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate on the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).Antiviral Research,53,19-34.
114. Yang, B.K.,Kim, D.H.,Jeong, S.C.,Das, S.,Choi, Y.S.,Shin, J.S.,Lee, S.C.,Song, C.H.(2002).Hypoglycemic effect of a Lentinus edodes exo-polymer produced from a submerged mycelial culture.Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry,66,937-942.
115. Yang, C.S.,Chung, J.Y.,Yang, G.,Chhabra, S.K.,Lee, M.J.(2000).Tea and tea polyphenols in cancer prevention.Journal of Nutrition,130,472-478.
116. Yeh, C.T.,Rao, Y.K.,Yao, C.J.,Yeh, C.F.,Li, C.H.,Chuang, S.E.,Luong, J.H.,Lai, G.M.,Tzeng, Y.M.(2009).Cytotoxic triterpenes from Antrodia camphorata and their mode of action in HT-29 human colon cancer cells.Cancer Letters,285,73-79.
117. Zhang, Q.X.,Wu, J.Y.(2007).Cordyceps sinensis mycelium extract induces human premyelocytic leukemia cell apoptosis through mitochondrion pathway.Experimental Biology and Medicine,232,52-57.
118. Zhao, Y.,Hall, I.H.,Oswald, C.B.,Yokoi, T.,Lee, K.H.(1987).Antimalarial agents. III. Mechanism of action of artesunate against Plasmodium berghei infection.Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,35,2052-2061.
119. Zhao, Y.,Hanton, W.K.,Lee, K.H.(1986).Antimalarial agents, 2. Artesunate, an inhibitor of chytochrom oxidase activity in Plasmodium berghei.Journal of Natural Products,49,139-142.
120. Zhou, X.,Gong, Z.,Su, Y.,Lin, J.,Tang K.(2009).Cordyceps fungi: natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products.Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology,61,279-291.
121. Zhu, J.S.,Halpern, G.M.,Jones, K.(1998).The scientific rediscovery of a precious ancient Chinese herbal regimen: Cordyceps sinensis: part II.Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,4,429-457.

1. 趙文婉,陳銹萍,李璨聿(2020)。綜論：牛樟芝活性成分之藥理活性。中醫藥雜誌，31(2)，1-27。