题名

Unconventional Dentistry in India - An Insight into the Traditional Methods

DOI

10.4103/2225-4110.130951

作者

Vinita Ashutosh Boloor;Rajesh Hosadurga;Anupama Rao;Haziel Jenifer;Sruthy Pratap

关键词

Alternative medicine ; Ayurveda ; Dental ; Herbal ; Unconventional

期刊名称

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

卷期/出版年月

4卷3期(2014 / 07 / 01)

页次

153 - 158

内容语文

英文

中文摘要

Unconventional medicine (UM) has been known and practised since the recorded history of civilization. Some unconventional practices may be viewed as "the continuity of traditions, religious beliefs, and even quackery that non-specialists practice." These practices have been associated with religious beliefs and the spiritual domain as well as with the physical domain. In ancient Old World civilizations, UM was performed by skilled experts or wise men; in today's Western civilization, practitioners may or may not be licensed, and some are charlatans. Dentistry, like medicine, is a traditional, science-based, highly regulated healthcare profession that serves increasingly sophisticated and demanding clients. Today, traditional dental practice is dealing with an array of challenges to the established professional system; these challenges are generally termed "alternative" (or complementary, unconventional, or integrative). Genuine alternatives are comparable methods of equal value that have met scientific and regulatory criteria for safety and effectiveness. Because "alternative care" has become politicized and is often a misnomer - referring to practices that are not alternative to, complementary to, or integrating with conventional health care - the more accurate term "unconventional" is used.

主题分类 醫藥衛生 > 中醫藥學
参考文献
  1. Abraham, S,Kumar, MS,Sehgal, PK,Nitish, S,Jayakumar, ND(2005).Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of triphala on PMN‑type matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‑9).J Periodontol,76,497-502.
  2. Acharya D, Sancheti G, ShrivastavaA, Pawar S. Traditional medicines of Gonds and Bharias‑26‑ Herbal medicines for Dental Diseases. Available from: http://www.disabledworld.com. [Last accessed on 2006].
  3. Almas, K(2001).The antimicrobial effects of seven different types of Asian chewing sticks.Odontostomatol Trop,24,17-20.
  4. Almas, K(1999).Antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks.Indian J Dent Res,10,23-26.
  5. Almas, K,Al‑Bagieh, NH(1999).The antimicrobial effects of bark and pulp extract of miswak, Salvadora persica.Biomed Lett,60,71-75.
  6. Al‑Otaibi, M,Al‑Harthy, M,Söder, B,Gustafsson, A,Angmar‑Månsson, B(2003).Comparative effect of chewing sticks and toothbrushing on plaque removal and gingival health.Oral Health Prev Dent,1,301-307.
  7. Al‑Otaibi, M,Zimmerman, M,Angmar‑Månsson, B(2003).Prevailing oral hygiene practices among urban Saudi Arabians in relation to age, gender and socioeconomic background.Acta Odontol Scand,61,212-216.
  8. Asokan, S,Emmadi, P,Chamundeswari, R(2009).Effect of oil pulling on plaque induced gingivitis: A randomized, controlled, triple‑blind study.Indian J Dent Res,20,47-51.
  9. Asokan, S,Rathan, J,Muthu, MS,Rathna, PV,Emmadi, P,Raghuraman(2008).Effect of oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans count in plaque and saliva using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test: A randomized, controlled, triple‑blind study.J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent,26,12-17.
  10. Bapuji, JL,Ratnam, SV(2009).Traditional uses of some medicinal plants by tribals of Gangaraju Madugula Mandal of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh.Ethnobot Leaflets,13,388-398.
  11. Bartold, PM(ed.),Ishikawa, I(ed.),Sirirat, M(ed.)(2000).Progress of Periodontal Research and Practice in Asian Pacific Countries.Tokyo, Japan:Asian Pacific Society of Periodontology.
  12. Batwa, M,Bergström, J,Batwa, S,Al‑Otaibi, MF(2006).The effectiveness of chewing stick miswak on plaque removal.Saudi Dent J,18,125-133.
  13. Bhuiyan, MM,Nishimura, M,Matsumura, M,Shimono, T(1997).Antibacterial effects of the crude Azadirachta indica neem bark extract on Streptococcus sobrinus.Pediatric Dent J,7,61-64.
  14. Biswas, K,Chattopadhyay, I,Banerjee, RK,Bandyopadhyay, U(2002).Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica).Curr Sci,82,1336-1345.
  15. Botelho, MA,Santos, RA,Martins, JG,Carvalho, CO,Paz, MC,Azenha, C(2008).Efficacy of a mouthrinse based on leaves of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) in the treatment of patients with chronic gingivitis: A doubleblind, randomized, controlled trial.J Med Plant Res,2,341-346.
  16. Danser, MM,van Winkelhoff, AJ,de Graaff, J,Loos, BG,van der Velden, U(1994).Short‑term effect of full‑mouth extraction on periodontal pathogens colonizing the oral mucous membranes.J Clin Periodontol,21,484-489.
  17. Danser, MM,Wang, JY,Bian, JY,Zhang, SM,van der Weijden, GA(2003).Tongue coating and tongue brushing: A literature review.Int J Dent Hyg,1,151-158.
  18. Darout, IA,Albandar, JM,Skaug, N(2000).Periodontal status of adult Sudanese habitual users of miswak chewing sticks or toothbrushes.Acta Odontol Scand,58,25-30.
  19. Dental Council of India. National Oral Health Survey and Fluoride Mapping 2002–2003 [WWW document]. Available from: http://www.iaphd.org/NationalSurvey/home.html. [Last accessed on 2007 Jun 07].
  20. Esimone, CO,Nworu, CS,Ekong, US,Iroha, IR,Oklin, CS(2007).A case for the use of herbal extracts in oral hygiene: The efficacy of Psidium guajava‑based mouthwash formulations.Res J Appl Sci,2,1143-1147.
  21. Gazi, M,Saini, T,Ashri, N,Lambourne, A(1990).Miswak chewing stick versus conventional toothbrush as an oral hygiene aid.Clin Prev Dent,12,19-23.
  22. Hirasawa, M,Takada, K,Makimura, M,Otake, S(2002).Improvement of periodontal status by green tea catechin using a local delivery system: A clinical pilot study.J Periodontal Res,78,433-438.
  23. Jadhav, D(2006).Plant sources used for the treatment of different types of fevers by Bhil Tribe of Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh, India.J Econ Taxon Bot,30,909-911.
  24. Joshi, BD(2002).A brief review on the flora of medicinal importance and prospects of developing a sustainable network of small scale pharmaceutical industries in Uttaranchal.Himalayan Journal of Environmental Zoology,16,233-256.
  25. Joshi, BD(ed.),Tripathi, CP(ed.),Joshi, PC(ed.)(2008).Biodiversity and Environmental management.New Delhi, India:APH Publishing Corporation.
  26. Kadel, C,Jain, AK(2008).Folflore claims on tribal communities of Central India.Indian J Tradit Knowl,7,296-299.
  27. Kala, CP,Dhyani, PP,Sajwan, BS(2006).Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India: Challenges and opportunities.J Ethnobiol Ethnomed,10,2-32.
  28. Kanwar, P,Sharma, N,Rekha, A(2006).Medicinal plants use in traditional healthcare systems prevalent in Western Himalayas.Indian J Tradit Knowl,5,300-309.
  29. Katsuragi, H,Ohtake, M,Kurasawa, I,Saito, K(2003).Intracellular production and extracellular release of oxygen radicals by PMNs and oxidative stress on PMNs during phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria.Odontology,91,13-18.
  30. Kushiyama, M,Shimazaki, Y,Murakami, M,Yamashita, Y(2009).Relationship between intake of green tea and periodontal disease.J Periodontol,80,372-377.
  31. Li, MY,Xu, ZT(2007).The inhibition of dentifrice containing the lotus leaf‑derived inhibitor on periodontitis‑related bacteria in vitro.Int Dent J,57,303-306.
  32. Maheshwari, JE(ed.)(2003).Ethnobotany and Medicinal plants of Indian Subcontinent.Jodhpur, India:Scientific Publishers.
  33. Mahfuzul, Hoque,Bari, ML,Inatsu, Y,Juneja, VK,Kawamoto, S(2007).Antibacterial activity of guava (Psidium guajava L.) and neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) extracts against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria.Foodborne Pathog Dis,4,481-488.
  34. Mullally, BH,James, JA,Coulter, WA,Linden, GJ(1995).The efficacy of a herbal‑based toothpaste on the control of plaque and gingivitis.J Clin Periodontol,22,686-689.
  35. Nakamura, H,Ukai, T,Yoshimura, A,Kozuka, Y,Yoshioka, H,Yoshinaga, Y(2009).Green tea catechin inhibits lipopolysaccharide‑induced bone resorption in vivo.J Periodontal Res,45,23-30.
  36. Namiki, M(2002).The chemistry and physiological functions of sesame.Food Rev Int,11,281-329.
  37. Okamoto, M,Leung, KP,Ansai, T,Sugimoto, A,Maeda, N(2003).Inhibitory effects of green tea catechins on protein tyrosine phosphatase in Prevotella intermedia.Oral Microbiol Immunol,18,192-195.
  38. Okamoto, M,Sugimoto, A,Leung, KP,Nakayama, K,Kamaguchi, A,Maeda, N(2004).Inhibitory effect of green tea catechins on cysteine proteinases in Porphyromonas gingivalis.Oral Microbiol Immunol,19,118-120.
  39. Pai, MR,Acharya, LD,Udupa, N(2004).The effect of two different dental gels and a mouthwash on plaque and gingivalscores: Asix‑week clinical study.Int Dent J,54,219-223.
  40. Petersen, PE,Jiang, H,Peng, B,Tai, BJ,Bian, Z(2008).Oral and general health behaviours among Chinese urban adolescents.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol,36,76-84.
  41. Prashant, GM,Chandu, GN,Murulikrishna, KS,Shafulla, MD(2007).The effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivavius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro study.Indian J Dent Res,18,148-151.
  42. Preshaw, PM(2008).Host response modulation in periodontics.Periodontol 2000,48,92-110.
  43. Quirynen, M,Bollen, CM,Vandekerckhove, BN,Dekeyser, C,Papaioannou, W,Eyssen, H(1995).Full‑ vs. partial‑mouth disinfection in the treatment of periodontal infections: Short term clinical and microbiological observations.J Dent Res,74,1459-1467.
  44. Sadangi, N,Padhy, RN,Sahu, RK(2005).A contribution to medico‑ethnobotany of Kalahandi district, Orissa on ear and mouth disease.Anc Sci Life,24,160-163.
  45. Sankar, D,Sambandam, G,Ramakrishna Rao, M,Pugalendi, KV(2005).Modulation of blood pressure, lipid profiles and redox status in hypertensive patients taking different edible oils.Clin Chim Acta,355,97-104.
  46. Sharma, S,Saimbi, CS,Koirala, B,Shukla, R.(2008).Effect of various mouthwashes on the levels of interleukin‑2 and interferongamma in chronic gingivitis.J Clin Pediatr Dent,32,111-114.
  47. Sharma, V,Joshi, BD(2008).Bio‑diversity of medicinal plants in some selected areas of Almora district.J Env Biosci,22,39-42.
  48. Sharma, V,Joshi, BD(2010).Traditional medicines used for dental health care amongst the local people of Almora district of Central Himalaya in India.Asian J Tradit Med,5,117-121.
  49. Singh, D,Dhakre, JS(1989).Some medicinal plants of Mathura district(U. P.).Mendel,6,60-66.
  50. Singh, U,Lahiri, N.(2010).Ancient India: New Research.India:Oxford University Press.
  51. Vanka, A,Tandon, S,Rao, SR,Udupa, N,Ramkumar, P(2001).The effect of indigenous Neem Azadirachta indica [correction of (Adirachta indica)] mouth wash on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth.Indian J Dent Res,2,133-144.
  52. Wolinsky, LE,Mania, S,Nachnani, S,Ling, S(1996).The inhibiting effect of aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract upon bacterial roperties influencing in vitro plaque formation.J Dent Res,75,816-822.
  53. Wu, CD,Darout, IA,Skaug, N(2001).Chewing sticks: Timeless natural toothbrushes for oral cleansing.J Periodontal Res,36,275-284.
  54. Wu‑yuan, CD,Green, L,Brich, WX(1990).In vitro screening of Chinese medicinal toothpastes: Their effects on growth and plaque formation of mutans streptococci.Caries Res,24,198-202.
  55. Yun, JH,Kim, CS,Cho, KS,Chai, JK,Kim, CK,Choi, SH(2007).(–)‑Epigallocatechin gallate induces apoptosis, via caspase activation, in osteoclasts differentiated from RAW 264.7 cells.J Periodontal Res,42,212-218.
  56. Yun, JH,Pang, EK,Kim, CS,Yoo, YJ,Cho, KS,Chai, JK(2004).Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenol (–)‑epigallocatechin gallate on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‑9 and on the formation of osteoclasts.J Periodontal Res,39,300-307.
  57. Zhu, L,Petersen, PE,Wang, JY,Bian, JY,Zhang, BX(2005).Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of adults in China.Int Dent J,55,231-241.
  58. Zysk, K(1996).Medicine in the Veda: Religious healing in the Veda.Delhi, India:Motilal Banarisidas.
  59. Zysk, K.(1998).Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in The Buddhist Monastery.Delhi, India:Motilal Banarisidas.