Study of the effect of extract of Thymus vulgaris on anxiety in male rats

10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.01.001

Alireza Komaki；Faeghe Hoseini；Siamak Shahidi；Negar Baharlouei

antioxidant ； anxiety ； elevated plus-maze ； rat ； Thymus vulgaris

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

6卷3期（2016 / 07 / 01）

257 - 261

英文

There is some evidence in traditional medicine for the effectiveness of Thymus vulgaris (百里香bǎi lǐ xiāng) in the treatment of anxiety in humans. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has broadly been used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. The present study investigated the effects of extract of T. vulgaris on rat behavior in the EPM. In the present study, the data were obtained from male Wistar rats. Animals were divided into four groups: saline group and T. vulgaris groups (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg infusion for 7 days by feeding). During the test period, the total distance covered by animals, the number of open- and closed-arm entries, and the time spent in open and closed arms of the EPM were recorded. T. vulgaris increased open-arm exploration and open-arm entry in the EPM, whereas extract of this plant has no effects on the total distance covered by animals and the number of closed-arm entries. The results of the present experiment indicate that T. vulgaris may have an anxiolytic profile in rat behavior in the EPM test, which is not influenced by the locomotor activity. Further research is required to determine the mechanisms by which T. vulgaris extract exerts an anxiolytic effect in rats.

1. Achour, S,Khelifi, E,Attia, Y,Ferjani, E,Noureddine Hellal, A(2012).Concentration of antioxidant polyphenols from Thymus capitatus extracts by membrane process technology.J Food Sci.,77,C703-C709.
2. Adwan, G,Abu-Shanab, B,Adwan, K,Abu-Shanab, F(2006).Antibacterial effects of nutraceutical plants growing in Palestine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Turk J Biol.,30,239-242.
3. Ahmad, A,van Vuuren, S,Viljoen, A(2014).Unravelling the complex antimicrobial interactions of essential oils-the case of Thymus vulgaris (thyme).Molecules,19,2896-2910.
4. Al-Bayati, FA(2008).Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts.J Ethnopharmacol,116,403-406.
5. Amiri, H(2012).Essential oils composition and antioxidant properties of three Thymus species.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2012,728065.
6. Anyasor, GN,Ogunwenmo, KO,Oyelana, OA,Akpofunure, BE(2010).Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanol stem extracts of Costus afer Ker Gawl (Costaceae).Afr J Biotechnol,9,4880-4884.
7. Barile, E,Bonanomi, G,Antignani, V(2007).Saponins from Allium minutiflorum with antifungal activity.Phytochemistry,68,596-603.
8. Barocelli, E,Calcina, F,Chiavarini, M(2004).Antinociceptive and gastroprotective effects of inhaled and orally administered Lavandula hybrida Reverchon "Grosso" essential oil.Life Sci.,76,213-223.
9. Blanco, MM,Costa, CA,Freire, AO,Santos, JG,Costa, JM(2009).Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice.Phytomedicine,16,265-270.
10. Burghardt, PR,Wilson, MA(2006).Microinjection of naltrexone into the central, but not the basolateral, amygdala blocks the anxiolytic effects of diazepam in the plus maze.Neuropsychopharmacology,31,1227-1240.
11. Bussmann, RW,Paul, S,Aserat, W,Paul, E(2011).Plant use in Odo-Bulu and Demaro, Bale Region, Ethiopia.J Ethnobiol Ethnomed,7,28-81.
12. Cerda, A,Martínez, ME,Soto, C(2013).The enhancement of antioxidant compounds extracted from Thymus vulgaris using enzymes and the effect of extracting solvent.Food Chem,139,138-143.
13. Dal Bosco, A,Gerencsér, Z,Szendrő, Z(2014).Effect of dietary supplementation of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) on rabbit meat appearance, oxidative stability and fatty acid profile during retail display.Meat Sci,96,114-119.
14. Dawidowic, AI,Rado, E,Wianowska, D,Mardarowicz, M,Gawdzik, J(2008).Application of PLE for the determination of essential oil components from Thymus vulgaris L..Talanta,76,878-884.
15. de Almeida, AA,de Carvalho, RB,Silva, OA,de Sousa, DP,de Freitas, RM(2014).Potential antioxidant and anxiolytic effects of (+)-limonene epoxide in mice after marble-burying test.Pharmacol Biochem Behav,118,69-78.
16. Ding, L,Zhang, C,Masood, A(2014).Protective effects of phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors: involvement of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.Behav Brain Res,268,150-158.
17. Dogu-Baykut, E,Gunes, G,Decker, EA(2014).Impact of shortwave ultraviolet (UV-C) radiation on the antioxidant activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.).Food Chem,157,167-173.
18. Drapier, D,Bentué-Ferrer, D,Laviolle, B(2007).Effects of acute fluoxetine, paroxetine and desipramine on rats tested on the elevated plus-maze.Behav Brain Res,176,202-209.
19. El-Nekeety, AA,Mohamed, SR,Hathout, AS,Hassan, NS,Aly, SE,Abdel-Wahhab, MA(2011).Antioxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris oil against aflatoxin-induced oxidative stress in male rats.Toxicon,57,984-991.
20. Fachini-Queiroz, FC,Kummer, R,Estevão-Silva, CF(2012).Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2012,657026.
21. Fecka, I,Turek, S(2008).Determination of polyphenolic compounds in commercial herbal drugs and spices from Lamiaceae: thyme, wild thyme and sweet marjoram by chromatographic techniques.Food Chem,108,1039-1053.
22. Francischetti, IM,Gordon, E,Bizzarro, B(2014).Tempol, an intracellular antioxi-dant, inhibits tissue factor expression, attenuates dendritic cell function, and is partially protective in a murine model of cerebral malaria.PLoS,9,e87140.
23. García, DA,Vendrell, I,Galofré, M,Suñol, C(2008).GABA released from cultured cortical neurons influences the modulation of t-[(35)S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding at the GABAA receptor effects of thymol.Eur J Pharmacol,600,26-31.
24. Grundman, O,Nakajima, J,Seo, S,Butterweck, V(2007).Anti-anxiety effects of Apocynum venetum L. in the elevated plus maze test.J Ethnopharmacol,110,406-411.
25. Grundmann, O,Nakajima, J,Kamata, K,Seo, S,Butterweck, V(2009).Kaempferol from the leaves of Apocynum venetum possesses anxiolytic activities in the elevated plus maze test in mice.Phytomedicine,16,295-302.
26. Hamrouni-Sellami, I,Rahali, FZ,Rebey, IB,Bourgou, S,Limam, F,Marzouk, B(2013).Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plants as affected by different drying methods.Food Bioprocess Technol,6,806-817.
27. Hoferl, M,Buchbauer, G,Jirovetz, L(2009).Correlation of antimicrobial activities of various essential oils and their main aromatic volatile constituents.J Essential Oil Res.,21,459-463.
28. Hossain, MA,AL-Raqmi, KA,AL-Mijizy, ZH,Weli, AM,Al-Riyami, Q(2013).Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris.Asian Pac J Trop Biomed,9,705-710.
29. Kaplan, HI,Sadoch, BJ(2005).Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.Baltimore:Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
30. Kochenborger, L,Levone, BR,da Silva, ES(2014).The microinjection of a cannabinoid agonist into the accumbens shell induces anxiogenesis in the elevated plus-maze.Pharmacol Biochem Behav,124,160-166.
31. Komaki, A,Khaledi Nasab, Z,Shahidi, S,Sarihi, A,Salehi, I,Ghaderi, A(2014).Anxiolytic effects of acute injection of hydro-alcoholic extract of lettuce in the elevated plus-maze task in rats.Avicenna J Neurol Psych Physiol,1,e18695.
32. Lister, RG(1987).The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse.Psychopharmacology,92,180-185.
33. Masood, A,Nadeem, A,Mustafa, SJ,O'Donnell, JM(2008).Reversal of oxidative stress-induced anxiety by inhibition of phosphodiesterase-2 in mice.J Pharmacol Exp Ther.,326,369-379.
34. Melidou, M,Riganakos, K,Galaris, D(2005).Protection against nuclear DNA damage offered by flavonoids in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide: the role of iron chelation.Free Radic Biol Med.,39,1591-1600.
35. Melo, FH,Venâncio, ET,de Sousa, DP(2010).Anxiolytic-like effect of carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) in mice: involvement with GABAergic transmission.Fundam Clin Pharmacol,24,437-443.
36. Oke, B,Aslim, C,Ozturk, S,Altundag, G(2009).Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Satureja cuneifolia Ten.Food Chem,112,874-879.
37. Parasuraman, S,Thing, GS,Dhanaraj, SA(2014).Polyherbal formulation: concept of Ayurveda.Pharmacogn Rev.,8,73-80.
38. Pellow, S,Chopin, P,File, SE,Briley, M(1985).Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat.J Neurosci Methods,14,149-167.
39. Popovic-Milenkovic, MT,Tomovic, MT,Brankovic, SR,Ljujic, BT,Jankovic, SM(2014).Antioxidant and anxiolytic activities of Crataegus nigra Wald. et Kit. berries.Acta Pol Pharm.,71,279-285.
40. Rota, MC,Herrera, A,Martinez, RM,Sotomayor, JA,Jordan, MJ(2008).Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils.Food Control,19,681-687.
41. Salim, S,Sarraj, N,Taneja, M,Saha, K,Tejada-Simon, MV,Chugh, C(2010).Moderate treadmill exercise prevents oxidative stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats.Behav Brain Res,208,545-552.
42. Samotyja, U,Małecka, M(2010).Antioxidant activity of blackcurrant seeds extract and rosemary extracts in soybean oil.Eur J Lipid Sci Technol,112,1331-1336.
43. Sancheti, J,Shaikh, MF,Chaudhari, R(2014).Characterization of anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic potential of thymol in various experimental models.Aunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol,387,59-66.
44. Schaffer, S(2005).Understanding local Mediterranean diets: a multidisciplinary pharmacological and ethnobotanical approach.Pharmacol Res,52,353-366.
45. Sciolino, NR,Smith, JM,Stranahan, AM(2015).Galanin mediates features of neural and behavioral stress resilience afforded by exercise.Neuropharmacology,89
46. Silva, LF,Lima, ES,Vasconcellos, MC(2013).In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts, fractions and a substance isolated from the Amazonian plant Tachia grandiflora (Gentianaceae).Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz,108,501-507.
47. Skelly, MJ,Weiner, JL(2014).Chronic treatment with prazosin or duloxetine lessens concurrent anxiety-like behavior and alcohol intake: evidence of disrupted noradrenergic signaling in anxiety-related alcohol use.Brain Behav,4,468-483.
48. Souto-Maior, FN,Carvalho, FL,Morais, LC,Netto, SM,de Sousa, DP,Almeida, RN(2011).Anxiolytic-like effects of inhaled linalool oxide in experimental mouse anxiety models.Pharmacol Biochem Behav,100,259-263.
49. Souza, CG,Moreira, JD,Siqueira, IR(2007).Highly palatable diet consumption increases protein oxidation in rat frontal cortex and anxiety-like behavior.Life Sci.,81,198-203.
50. Stahl-Biskup, E(ed.),Saez, F(ed.)(2003).Thyme: The Genus Thymus.London, UK:Taylor & Francis.
51. Stein, DJ,Hollander, E,Rothbaum, BO(2009).Textbook of Anxiety Disorders.Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc..
52. The European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy,Thieme, Georg(2007).ESCOP Monographs: The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products.
53. Thiemermann, C(2003).Membrane-permeable radical scavengers (tempol) for shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and inflammation.Crit Care Med,31(1 suppl),S76-S84.
54. Uhl, SR(2000).Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings.Lancaster:Technomic Publishing Co Inc..
55. Undeğer, U,Başaran, A,Degen, GH,Başaran, N(2009).Antioxidant activities of major thyme ingredients and lack of (oxidative) DNA damage in V79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells at low levels of carvacrol and thymol.Food Chem Toxicol,47,2037-2043.
56. Vollert, C,Zagaar, M,Hovatta, I(2011).Exercise prevents sleep deprivation-associated anxiety-like behavior in rats: potential role of oxidative stress mechanisms.Behav Brain Res,224,233-240.
57. Waliwitiya, R,Belton, P,Nicholson, RA,Lowenberger, CA(2010).Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowfly Phaenicia sericata.Pest Manag Sci,66,277-289.
58. Yang, UJ,Park, TS,Shim, SM(2013).Protective effect of chlorophyllin and lycopene from water spinach extract on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in human hepatoma cells.J Toxicol Environ Health A.,76,1307-1315.
59. Youdim, KA,Deans, SG(1999).Dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil during the lifetime of the rat: its effects on the antioxidant status in liver, kidney and heart tissues.Mech Ageing Dev.,109,163-175.
60. Zaborowska, Z,Przygoński, K,Bilska, A(2012).Antioxidative effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) in sunflower oil.Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment,11,283-291.

1. Mohammad-Hossein Doosti,Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi,Kazem Ahmadi(2018).The effect of ethanolic extract of Thymus kotschyanus on cancer cell growth in vitro and depression-like behavior in the mouse.Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine,8(1),89-94.
2. Reza Mohebbati,Mohammad Reza Khazdair,Milad Hashemzehi,Akbar Anaeigoudari(2019).Neuroprotective potency of some spice herbs, a literature review.Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine,9(2),98-105.