Rosemary leaves extract: Anti-snake action against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes venom

10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.10.001

Walaa H. Salama；Azza M. Abdel-Aty；Afaf S. Fahmy

Cerastes cerastes ； Venom ； Enzymes ； Lethality ； Rosmarinus officinalis L. ； Neutralization

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

8卷4期（2018 / 10 / 01）

465 - 475

英文

The morbidity caused by viper bites is very dangerous and the anti-venom therapy couldn't treat the local injures such as hemorrhage, edema, necrosis and inflammation of bitten tissues. Searching for safe and effective anti-venom compounds from natural sources is very important. This study was designed to explore the neutralizing ability of Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves aqueous extract (RMAE) against Egyptian Cerastes cerastes (Cc) viper venom toxicity. The RMAE contained a considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents with 3,300 and 800 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively. The RMAE showed a considerable variation of phenolic acids by using HPLC technique. Rosmarinic acid is the major component of the RMAE which recorded 400 mg/100 g dry weight and 64% of all the identified compounds. In vitro, the RMAE neutralized the enzymatic activities of proteases, L-amino acid oxidases, and phospholipases A_2 of the Cc venom dose-dependently. In addition, the RMAE effectively neutralized the gelatinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, hemolytic and procoagulant activities of Cc venom. In vivo, the RMAE markedly reduced lethality, hemorrhage, edema, muscle and liver toxicities induced by Cc venom. In conclusion, the venom neutralizing property of the RMAE gives a new prospect for efficient treatment of the lethal viper bites.

1. Al-Abdulla, IH,Sidki, AM,Landon, J(1991).An indirect haemolytic assay for assessing antivenoms.Toxicon,29,1043-1046.
2. Al-Sereiti, MR,Abu-Amerb, KM,Sen, P(1999).Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus oificinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials.Indian J Exp Biol.,37,124-130.
3. Angulo, Y,Estrada, R,Gutierrez, JM(1997).Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom.Toxicon,35,81-90.
4. Ashoor, A.(1985).Medication with Herbs and Plants.Cairo:Ebn-Sina Library for Publication and Distribution.
5. Aung, HT,Nikai, T,Niwa, M,Takaya, Y(2010).Rosmarinic acid in Argusia argentea inhibits snake venom-induced hemorrhage.J Nat Med,64,482-486.
6. Bakırel, T,Bakırel, U,Keles, OU,Ulgen, SG,Yardibi, H(2008).In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in alloxan-diabetic rabbits.J Ethnopharmacol,116,64-73.
7. Bee, A,Theakston, RDG,Harrison, RA,Carter, SD(2001).Novel in vitro assays for assessing the haemorrhagic activity of snake venoms and for demonstration of venom metalloproteinase inhibitors.Toxicon,39,1429-1434.
8. Boumaiza, S,Oussedik-Oumehdi, H,Laraba-Djebari, F(2016).Pathophysiological effects of Cerastes cerastes and Vipera lebetina venoms: immunoneutralization using anti-native and anti-60Co irradiated venoms.Biologicals,44,1-11.
9. Cuvelier, ME,Richard, H,Berset, C(1996).Antioxidative activity and phenolic composition of pilot-plant and commercial extracts of sage and rosemary.J Am Oil Chem Soc,73,645-652.
10. Dey, A,De, JN(2012).Phytopharmacology of antiophidian botanicals: a review.Int J Pharmacol,8,62-79.
11. Doolaege, EH,Vossen, E,Raes, K(2012).Effect of rosemary extract dose on lipid oxidation, colour stability and antioxidant concentrations, in reduced nitrite liver pâtés.Meat Sci.,90,925-931.
12. Dorman, HJD,Peltoketo, A,Hiltunen, R,Tikkanen, MJ(2003).Characterization of the antioxidant properties of de-odorized aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae herbs.Food Chem,83,255-262.
13. El-Beltagi, HS,Badawi, MH(2013).Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for Ginkgo biloba and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Egypt.Not Bot Horti Agrobo,41,126-135.
14. El-Hakim, AE,Salama, WH,Hamed, MB,Ali, AA,Ibrahim, NM.(2015).Heterodimeric Lamino acid oxidase enzymes from Egyptian Cerastes cerastes venom: purification, biochemical characterization and partial amino acid sequencing.J Genet Eng Biotechnol,13,165-176.
15. Erkan, N,Ayranci, G,Ayranci, E(2008).Antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis L.) extract, blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) essential oil, carnosic acid, acid and sesamol.Food Chem,110,76-82.
16. Fahmi, L,Makran, B,Boussadda, L,Lkhider, M,Ghalim, N(2015).Haemostasis disorders caused by envenomation by Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauritanica vipers.Toxicon,116,43-48.
17. Fahmi, L,Makran, B,Pla, D(2012).Venomics and antivenomics profiles of North African Cerastes cerastes and Cerastes vipera populations reveals a potentially important therapeutic weakness.J Proteom,75,2442-2453.
18. Giner, MJ,Vegara, S,Funes, L(2012).Antimicrobial activity of food-compatible plant extracts and chitosan against naturally occurring microorganisms in tomato juice.J Sci Food Agric,92(9),1917-1923.
19. Gomorie, G(1955).Preparation of buffers for use in enzyme studies.Methods Enzymol.,3,357-363.
20. Gutierrez, JM,Arce, V,Brenes, F,Chaves, F(1990).Changes in myofibrillar components after skeletal muscle necrosis induced by a myotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper.Exp Mol Pathol,52,25-36.
21. Gutierrez, JM,Avila, C,Rojas, E,Cerdas, L(1988).An alternative in vitro method for testing the potency of the polyvalent antivenom produced in Costa Rica.Toxicon,26,411-413.
22. Kasturiratne, A,Wickremasinghe, AR,de Silva, N(2008).The global burden of snakebite: a literature analysis and modeling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths.PLOS Med,5,1591-1604.
23. Kiernan, JA(1999).Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice.London:Buttrerworth-Heinemann.
24. Kim, KH,Tsao, R,Yang, R,Cui, SW(2006).Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions.Food Chem,95(3),466-473.
25. Kishimoto, M,Takahashi, T(2001).A spectrophotometric microplate assay for L-amino acid oxidase.Anal Biochem,298,136-139.
26. Kondo, H,Kondo, S,Ikezawa, H,Murata, R.(1960).Studies on the quantitative method for determination of hemorrhagic activity of Habu snake venom.Jpn J Med Sci Biol.,13,43-52.
27. Krishnan, SA,Dileepkumar, R,Nair, AS,Oommen, OV(2014).Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia russelii venom.J Ethnopharmacol,151,543-547.
28. Laemmli, UK(1970).Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.Nature,227,680-685.
29. Lemos, FJA,Campos, FAP,Silva, CPY,Xavier-Filho, J.(1990).Proteinase and amylases of larval midgut of Zabrotes subfasciatus reared on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds.Entomol Exp Appl.,56,219-227.
30. Marinetti, GV(1965).The action of phospholipase A on lipoproteins.Biochem Biophys Acta,60,554-565.
31. Mehni, F,Sharififar, F,Ansari, M(2012).Antioxidant activity and rosmarinic acid content of ten medicinal plants.Res Pharm Sci,7(5)
32. Meier, J,Theakston, RD(1986).Approximate LD50 determinations of snake venoms using eight to ten experimental animals.Toxicon,24,395-401.
33. Moreno, S,Scheyer, T,Romano, CS,Vojnov, AA(2006).Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of rosemary extracts linked to their polyphenol composition.Free Radic Res,40,223-231.
34. Mors, WB,Nascimento, MC,Pereira, BMR,Pereira, NA(2000).Plant natural products active against snake bite-the molecular approach.Phytochemistry,55,627-642.
35. Nascimento, NG,Sampaio, MC,Olivo, RA,Teixeira, C(2010).Contribution of mast cells to the oedema induced by Bothrops moojeni snake venom and a pharmacological assessment of the inflammatory mediators involved.Toxicon,55,343-352.
36. Ouyang, C,Teng, CM(1979).Fibrinogenolytic enzymes of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom.Biochim Biophys Acta,420,298-308.
37. Piazzon, A,Vrhovsek, U,Masuero, D,Mattivi, F,Mandoj, F,Nardini, M(2012).Antioxidant activity of phenolic acids and their metabolites: synthesis and antioxidant properties of the sulfate derivatives of ferulic and caffeic acids and of the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid.J Agric Food Chem,60,12312-12323.
38. Rice-Evans, CA,Miller, NJ,Paganga, G(1996).Structure - antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids.Fee Radic Biol Med,20,933-956.
39. Rucavado, A,Escalante, T,Gutierrez, JM(2004).Effect of the metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat in the systemic toxicity induced by Bothrops asper snake venom: understanding the role of metalloproteinases in envenomation.Toxicon,43,417-424.
40. Sajevic, T,Leonardi, A,krizaj, I(2011).Haemostatically active proteins in snake venoms.Toxicon,57,627-645.
41. Sunitha, K,Hemshekhar, M,Thushara, RM(2015).Inflammation and oxidative stress in viper bite: an insight within and beyond.Toxicon,98,89-97.
42. Tai, J,Cheung, S,Wu, M,Hasman, D(2012).Antiproliferation effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on human ovarian cancer cells in vitro.Phytomedicine,19,436-443.
43. Takaki, I,Bersani Amado, LE,Vendruscolo, A(2008).Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in experimental animal models.J Med Food,11,741-746.
44. Thwin, MM,Samy, RP,Satyanarayanajois, SD,Gopalakrishnakone, P(2010).Venom neutralization by purified bioactive molecules: synthetic peptide derivatives of the endogenous PLA(2) inhibitory protein PIP (a minireview).Toxicon,56,1275-1283.
45. Ticli, FK,Hage, LI,Cambraia, RS(2005).Rosmarinic acid, a new snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae): antiserum action potentiation and molecular interaction.Toxicon,46,318.
46. Velioglu, YS,Mazza, G,Gao, L,Oomah, BD(1998).Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products.J Agric Food Chem,46,4113-4117.
47. Vishwanath, BS,Kini, RM,Gowda, TV(1987).Characterization of three edema-inducing phospholipase A2 enzymes from habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) venom and their interaction with the alkaloid aristolochic acid.Toxicon,25,501-515.
48. Wahby, AF,Mahdy, EME,EL-mezayen, HA(2012).Role of hyaluronidase inhibitors in the neutralization of toxicity of Egyptian horned viper Cerastes cerastes venom.J Genet Eng Biotechnol,10,213-219.
49. Zheng, W,Wang, SY(2001).Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs.J Agric Food Chem,49,5165-5170.
50. Zhishen, J,Mengcheng, T,Jianming, W(1999).The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals.Food Chem,64,555-559.