Cardiorespiratory and autonomic-nervous-system functioning of drug abusers treated by Zen meditation

10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.01.005

Pei-Chen Lo；Ping-Hsien Tsai；Hui-Jane Kang；Wu Jue Miao Tian

Cardiorespiratory interaction ； Drug addiction ； Heart rate variability ； Respiratory sinus arrhythmia ； Zen meditation

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

9卷3期（2019 / 07 / 01）

215 - 220

英文

Addicted drugs like nicotine affect autonomic nervous system that results in arrhythmia and other cardiovascular diseases. Notable effects of Zen meditation on autonomic nervous system have been reported during the past decade. Holistic Detox Association (HDA) in Taiwan offered Zen-meditation program to drug addicts as the core scheme among a variety of drug addiction treatments. This paper reports the results of quantifying the cardiorespiratory interactions and autonomic nervous system function to evaluate the on-site effect of Zen meditation on drug rehab. Methods and schemes for quantifying time-domain heart rate variability were employed to electrocardiograph and respiratory signals. Peak-valley method was developed to quantify the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) behavior. Poincaré Plot Analysis was adopted to evaluate the cardiorespiratory functioning. Among 18 voluntary drug addicts during the 10-minute Zen meditation session, about two-third subjects have significant improvement in autonomic nervous system function characterized by heart rate variability (SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50). Group average of RSA increases from 33.43 ms(Rest) to 69.14 ms(AR Zen meditation). Poincaré-plot analysis reveals the improvement of SD1, SD2 and SD2/SD1 by respectively 14.7%, 19.8% and 8.8%. The group averages of all the parameters exhibit significantly positive changes in the 10- minute session of abdominal-respiration Zen meditation. Even the subject with heart transplant showed the improvement of all the quantitative indicators during the AR Zen meditation.

1. Banerjee, K(2016).The changing landscape for substance use treatment in the U.S..J Drug Abuse,2(3),20.
2. Brennan, M,Palaniswami, M,Kamen, P(2001).Do existing measures of Poincare plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability?.IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,48,1342-1347.
3. Brennan, M,Palaniswami, M,Kamen, P(2002).Poincare plot interpretation using a physiological model of HRV based on a network of oscillators.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,283,H1873-H1886.
4. Camm, AJ,Malik, M,Bigger, JT(1996).Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.Circulation,93,1043-1065.
5. Chen, Z,Brown, EN,Barbieri, R(2009).Assessment of autonomic control and respiratory sinus arrhythmia using point process models of human heart beat dynamics.IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,56,1791-1802.
6. Corrales, M,Torres, B,Esquivel, A,Salazar, M,Orellana, J(2012).Normal values of heart rate variability at rest in a young, healthy and active Mexican population.Health,4,377-385.
7. Cysarz, D,Büssing, A(2005).Cardiorespiratory synchronization during Zen meditation.Eur J Appl Physiol,95,88-95.
8. Denver, JW,Reed, SF,Porges, SW(2007).Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Biol Psychol,74,286-294.
9. Drake, RE,Mueser, KT,Brunette, MF,McHugo, GJ(2004).A Review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and Co-Occurring substance use disorders.Psychiatr Rehabil J.,27(4),360-374.
10. Grossman, P,Stemmler, G,Meinhardt, E(1990).Paced respiratory sinus arrhythmia as an index of cardiac parasympathetic tone during varying behavioral tasks.Psychophysiology,27,404-416.
11. Hser, YI,Evans, E,Huang, D,Anglin, DM(2004).Relationship between drug treatment services, retention, and outcomes.Psychiatr Serv,55(7),767-774.
12. Lo, PC,Huang, ML(2015).Exploring preventive power of ten-mailuns actuation in Chan Ding.Int J Prevent Med Res,1,27-34.
13. Lo, PC,Huang, ML(2015).Scientific propositions for brain reformation by mailun chan ding.Int J Electr Electron Eng (IJEEE) IASET,4(4),9-26.
14. Massagram, W,Lubecke, VM,Host-Madsen, A,Boric-Lubecke, O(2009).Assessment of heart rate variability and respiratory sinus arrhythmia via Doppler radar.IEEE Trans Microw Theor Tech.,57,2542-2549.
15. McCarty, D,Braude, L,Lyman, DR(2014).Substance abuse intensive outpatient programs: assessing the evidence.Psychiatr Serv,65(6),718-726.
16. McLellan, AT,Arndt, IO,Metzger, DS,Woody, GE,O'Brien, CP(1993).The Effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment.J Addict Nurs,5(2),38-47.
17. Nijjar, PS,Puppala, VK,Dickinson, O(2014).Modulation of the autonomic nervous system assessed through heart rate variability by a mindfulness based stress reduction program.Int J Cardiol,177(2),557-559.
18. Olex, S,Newberg, A,Figueredo, VM(2013).Meditation: should a cardiologist care?.Int J Cardiol,168,1805-1810.
19. Olson, DE,Lurigio, AJ(2014).The long-term effects of prison-based drug treatment and aftercare services on recidivism.J Offender Rehabil,53(8),600-619.
20. Peng, CK,Henry, IC,Mietus, JE(2004).Heart rate dynamics during three forms of meditation.Int J Cardiol,95,19-27.
21. Peng, CK,Mietus, JE,Liu, Y(1999).Exaggerated heart rate oscillations during two meditation techniques.Int J Cardiol,70,101-107.
22. Phongsuphap, S,Pongsupap, Y,Chandanamattha, P,Lursinsap, C(2008).Changes in heart rate variability during concentration meditation.Int J Cardiol,130,481-484.
23. Platt, JJ(1995).Vocational rehabilitation of drug abusers.Psychol Bull,117(3),416-433.
24. Sahar, T,Shalev, AY,Porges, SW(2001).Vagal modulation of responses to mental challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder.Biol Psychiatr,49,637-643.
25. Sassi, R,Cerutti, S,Lombardi, F(2015).Advances in heart rate variability signal analysis: joint position statement by the e-Cardiology ESC Working Group and the European Heart Rhythm Association co-endorsed by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society.Europace,17,1341-1353.
26. Simpson, DD(2004).A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and out-comes.J Subst Abuse Treat,27(2),99-121.
27. Simpson, DD,Joe, GW,Rowan-Szal, GA,Greener, JM(1997).Drug abuse treatment process components that improve retention.J Subst Abuse Treat,14(6),565-572.
28. Simpson, DD,Sells, SB(1982).Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: an overview of the DARP research program.Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse,2(1),7-29.
29. Thayer, JF,Ahs, F,Fredrikson, M,Sollers, JJ,Wager, TD, 3rd(2012).A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,36,747-756.
30. Wu, SD,Lo, PC(2010).Cardiorespiratory phase synchronization during normal rest and inward-attention meditation.Int J Cardiol,141,325-328.