Antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential of the stem bark extract of Burkea africana and identification of its antiplasmodial-active fraction

10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.004

Ifeoma C. Ezenyi；Chinazo K. Okpoko；Chinasa A. Ufondu；Samuel E. Okhale；Bulus Adzu

Analgesic ； Antipyretic ； Cytotoxicity ； Medicinal plant ； Plasmodium falciparum

Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

11卷4期（2021 / 07 / 01）

311 - 317

英文

Background and aim: Burkea africana stem bark is used as a remedy for malaria in north-central and southern Nigeria. Based on its traditional use, this study was conducted to investigate the antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential of an extract of B. africana stem bark. Experimental procedure: A 70% v/v ethanol extract of stem bark of B. africana was prepared by cold maceration. Fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and residual) were also prepared. The extract was screened for hemolytic, cytotoxic and antiplasmodial activity effects. The effect of the extract and fractions against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and multi-drug resistant (W2mef) P. falciparum was assessed. Acute toxicity test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing in mice, and lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rats were also employed to screen the extract. Chromatographic fingerprints of the extract and active fraction were obtained. Results: B. africana extract showed no cytotoxic or significant hemolytic effects and did not cause acute toxicity or mortality. The ethanol extract exhibited moderate antiplasmodial activity while the dichloromethane fraction showed high activity against P. falciparum 3D7 (IC_(50) = 6.44 μg/ml) and W2mef (IC_(50) = 6.30 μg/ml) respectively. The extract elicited significant (p ＜ 0.05) attenuation of acetic acidinduced writhing and significantly (p ＜ 0.05) ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia at 300 mg/kg. The HPLC profile of the dichloromethane fraction showed peaks with retention times that corresponded with those of rutin and caffeic acid. Conclusion: Burkea africana extract has antiplasmodial, antinociceptive and antipyretic potential and its antiplasmodial constituents are concentrated in its dichloromethane fraction.

1. Orabueze, CI,Ota, DA,Coker, HA(2020).Antimalarial potentials of Stemonocoleus micranthus Harms (leguminoseae) stem bark in Plasmodium berghei infected mice.J Tradit Complement Med,10(1),70-78.
   連結：
2. (1985).The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa.Richmond:Royal Botanic Gardens.
3. Ajdačić, V,Senerovic, L,Vranić, M(2016).Synthesis and evaluation of thiophene-based guanylhydrazones (iminoguanidines) efficient against panel of voriconazole-resistant fungal isolates.Bioorg Med Chem,24(6),1277-1291.
4. Anand, U,Jacobo-Herrera, N,Altemimi, A,Lakhssassi, N(2019).A comprehensive review on medicinal plants as antimicrobial therapeutics: potential avenues of biocompatible drug discovery.Metabolites,9(11)
5. Anderson, BJ(2008).Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): mechanisms of action.Pediatr Anesth,18(10),915-921.
6. Ayuko, TA,Njau, RN,Cornelius, W,Leah, N,Ndiege, IO(2009).In vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicity assessment of plant extracts used in traditional malaria therapy in the Lake Victoria Region.Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz.,104(5),689-694.
7. Botting, RM(2010).Vane’s discovery of the mechanism of action of aspirin changed our understanding of its clinical pharmacology.Pharmacol Rep,62(3)
8. Chinappi, M,Via, A,Marcatili, P,Tramontano, A(2010).On the mechanism of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum.PloS One,5(11)
9. Chomchuen, S,Singharachai, C,Ruangrungsi, N,Towiwat, P(2010).Antipyretic effect of the ethanolic extract of Ficus racemosa root in rats.J Heal Res,24(1),23-28.
10. Cordier, W,Gulumian, M,Cromarty, AD,Steenkamp, V(2013).Attenuation of oxidative stress in U937 cells by polyphenolic-rich bark fractions of Burkea africana and Syzygium cordatum.BMC Compl Alternative Med,13(1),116.
11. Eboji, O,Venables, L,Sowemimo, AA,Sofidiya, MO,Koekemoer, T,Van de Venter, M(2017).Burkea africana Hook (Caesalpiniaceae) ethanolic extract causes cell cycle arrest at M phase and induces caspase dependent apoptosis.South Afr J Bot,112
12. Ezenyi, IC,Verma, V,Singh, S,Okhale, SE,Adzu, B(2020).Ethnopharmacology-aided antiplasmodial evaluation of six selected plants used for malaria treatment in Nigeria.J Ethnopharmacol,254,112694.
13. Fairhurst, RM,Dondorp, AM(2016).Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria.Microbiol Spectr,4(3)
14. Gopalakrishnan, AM,Kumar, N(2015).Antimalarial action of artesunate involves DNA damage mediated by reactive oxygen species.Antimicrob Agents Chemother,59(1),317-325.
15. Gupta, AK,Parasar, D,Sagar, A(2015).Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of gelsolin in acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion and carrageenan induced paw edema in mice.PloS One,10(8),e0135558.
16. Ivanov, AI,Romanovsky, AA(2004).Prostaglandin E2 as a mediator of fever: synthesis and catabolism.Front Biosci,9,1977-1993.
17. Iyamah, PC,Idu, M(2015).Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria in Southern Nigeria.J Ethnopharmacol,173,287-302.
18. Kita, Y,Yoshida, K,Tokuoka, SM(2015).Fever is mediated by conversion of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol to prostaglandin E2. Romanovsky AA.PloS One,10(7),e0133663.
19. Koster, R,Anderson, M,Debeer, E(1959).Acetic acid for analgesic screening.Fed proceeding,18,412-417.
20. Kumar, V,Singh, PN,Bhattacharya, SK(2001).Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum L.Indian J Exp Biol,39(4),339-343.
21. Malterud, KE(2017).Ethnopharmacology, Chemistry and Biological Properties of Four Malian Medicinal Plants.Plants,6(1),1-13.
22. Mathisen, E,Diallo, D,Andersen, ØM,Malterud, KE(2002).Antioxidants from the bark of Burkea africana, an African medicinal plant.Phyther Res,16(2),148-153.
23. Mosmann, T(1983).Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.J Immunol Methods,65(1-2)
24. Muregi, FW,Chhabra, SC,Njagi, ENM(2003).In vitro antiplasmodial activity of some plants used in Kisii, Kenya against malaria and their chloroquine potentiation effects.J Ethnopharmacol,84(2-3)
25. Musa, AO,Usman, HK,Titus, I,Olorukooba, AB,Aliyu, AB,Bello, H(2018).Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies of methanol stem bark extract of Burkea africana Hook (Fabaceae).Trop J Nat Prod Res,2(8),375-379.
26. Mushtaq, S,Abbasi, BH,Uzair, B,Abbasi, R(2018).Natural products as reservoirs of novel therapeutic agents.EXCLI J.,17,420-451.
27. National Institutes of Health. Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. vol. 46. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_3825
28. OECD(2008).Test No. 425: Acute Oral Toxicity: Up-And-Down Procedure.OECD.
29. Santos, FARV(1998).A study of the antipyretic effect of quinine, an alkaloid effective against cerebral malaria, on fever induced bacterial endotoxin and yeast in rats.Pharmacol Pharm,50,225-229.
30. Sirima, SB,Gansané, A(2007).Artesunate-amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria.Expet Opin Invest Drugs,16(7),1079-1085.
31. Swem, TF,Aba, PE,Udem, SC(2020).Effect of hydro-methanol stem bark extract of Burkea africana on erythrocyte osmotic fragility and haematological parameters in acetaminophen-poisoned rats.Clin Phytoscience,6(1)
32. Tanko, Y,Iliya, B,Mohammed, A,Mahdi, M,Musa, K(2011).Modulatory effect of ethanol stem bark extract of Burkea africana on castrol oil induced diarrhoeal on experimental animals.Arch Appl Sci Res,3(5),122-130.
33. Tariq, A,Adnan, M,Amber, R,Pan, K,Mussarat, S,Shinwari, ZK(2016).Ethnomedicines and anti-parasitic activities of Pakistani medicinal plants against Plasmodia and Leishmania parasites.Ann Clin Microbiol Antimic,15(1)
34. Trager, W,Jensen, J(1976).Human malaria parasites in continuous culture.Science,193(4254),673-675.
35. WHO(2019).WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine.Geneva:World Health Organization.
36. WHO(2020).World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years of Global Progress and Challenges.Geneva:World Health Organization.
37. Yaro, A,Malami, S,Yau, J,Sagoe, C,Anuka, J(2016).Some behavioural studies on methanol root bark extract of Burkea africana (fabaceae) in mice.Bayero J Pure Appl Sci,8(2),216.